proteins Flashcards
What is the rarest deficiency in the US?
protein
As a country’s economy _________, the
proportion of animal foods in the diet
tends to increase
improves
Most of the world relies on _____ proteins
from grains and vegetables
plant
About ________ of dietary protein comes
from meat, poultry, seafood, eggs and dairy
products
two-thirds
animal products are low in _____and
can be high in fat
FIBER
_______amino acids cannot be
synthesized by the human body in
sufficient amounts to meet needs
Essential
WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine
WHAT ARE THE NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine
When a nonessential AA is not in the diet, it can be made in the body by __________
transamination
Where is a dipeptide bond formed?
between 2 amino acids
Protein shape determines its function and does not affect the nutrient value t or f
TRUE
HEMOGLOBIN IS SPHIRICAL
TRUE
Food allergies are triggered when a protein from
the diet is absorbed without being completely
_________
digested
What copies the code for a protein from the DNA in the nucleus?
mRNA
Where does the mRNA take genetic information to?
Ribosomes
When at the ribosomes, ______ reads the genetic code and delivers the AA to the ribosome to form a polypeptide chain.
tRNA
animal protein sources have B vitamins, minerals like _____, zinc and calcium
iron
Plant sources of protein are also a good
source of B vitamins, iron, zinc, fiber,
phytochemicals and calcium, but in less
_______ forms
absorbable
______ proteins are often low in amino acids, so you need more than one combination to get everything you need.
plant
The two most common limiting AA are?????
methionine and lysine
_____ are considered a perfect protein
eggs
In the small intestine, protein digesting enzymes from the ________ and the microvilli break down polypeptides into AA
pancreas
hydrochloric acid and _____ break down protein in the stomach
pepsin
AA pass from ______ into the_______and travel to the _______
AA pass from mucosal cell into the blood and travel to the _liver
true or false, dietary protein is often lost in the feces.
FALSE, VERY LITTLE IS LOST
People with ______ _______ are more prone to allergies because their damaged intestines allow for the absorption of whole proteins
GI disease
deanimation of ketogenic AA results in ___________ -___
acetyl-CoA
when energy is consumed in excess, ______ can be used to synthesize Fatty acids
deamination into acetyl-coA
protein functions in almost EVERYTHING
TRUE
________________is a
term that covers a range of protein
deficiency conditions that may include
only protein deficiency or protein
deficiency plus energy deficiency
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
________ is a pure protein deficiency
Kwashiorkor
______ is an energy and protein
deficiency
Marasmus
Swollen belly indicates _______
protein deficiency or pure protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor)
depletion of fat stores and wasting muscle indicates _____
marasmus - energy and protein deficiency- starvation
What are some issues with too much protein over time?
hydration and kidney function issues, bone health issues, kidney stones, increased risk of heart disease and cancer
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited
condition attributed to a defective gene, sensitive to phenylalaine. it is found in _________
aspartame
PKU causes phenylketones to be produced which is _______ to the brain
toxic
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) consists of the amino acid _________- (or
glutamate) bound to sodium
glutamic acid
Anecdotal reactions include flushed face,
tingling or burning sensations, headache,
rapid heartbeat, chest pain, and general
weakness
MSG symptoms
What is commonly termed the chinese restaurant syndrome?
MSG symptoms
Nitrogen in = nitrogen out. adults who consume adequate protein and are maintaining a constant body weight are in _______ _______
nitrogen balance
nitrogen in is less than nitrogen out. diet is too low in energy or protein, total body protein decreases. due to injury or illness
negative nitrogen balance
nitrogen in is greater than nitrogen out. total body protein increases. Usually during pregnancy or weight lifting.
positive nitrogen balance
Protein: Adults require ______g/kg body weight per day
0.8
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution
Range (AMDR) is ________ of energy for
adults
10–35%
Protein needs decrease during periods of growth, pregnancy and lactation
FALSE THEY INCREASE
Protein need calculation for 70 kg person
70 kg x 0.8 g/kg/day = 56 g of protein/day
true
because AA are absorbed throug hte same trasnpsort systems, supplementing one AA can cause a deficiency in another
true
PER calculation
wt gain / wt gain when fed reference protein
net protein calculation
nitrogen retained / nitrogen consumed x 100
BV calculation
nitrogen retained / nitrogen absorbed x 100
PCDAAS calculation
amount of limiting AA in test protein / amount of AA required x protein digestibility
chemical or AA score calculation
mg of limiting AA of test protein / mg of limiting AA of reference protein x 100
what is a lacto ova vegetarian?
excludes animal flesh but does include eggs and dairy
lacto vegetarian?
excludes animal flesh and eggs but does include dairy
which B vitamin is hardest to get from a vegan diet?
B12, its only in animal products
________ = transfer of amino group
from one AA to AA carbon skeleton or a-keto
acid
Transamination
nitrogen balance: _____% of protein = Nitrogen
16%
protein = N x _____
6.25
how do you calculate nitrogen balance?
protein intake/ 6.25 - g urinary urea N - (0.2 x urinary urea N) - 2g
t or false, there are nitrogens in lipids and carbs
FALSE its only from protein
High quality (complete) protein
q Contains ample amount of all ____essential AA
9
Low quality (incomplete) protein
q Deficient or low in __________essential AA
one or more
_____ – low in grains
Lysine
______ – low in legumes
Methionine
which ratio is used by the FDA to set standards for baby food?
PER = gram weight gain/ gram protein consumed
what is the maximum value of PDCAAS?
1.0
What is the RDA for protein? Practice this!
person weighs 154 pounds how much protein do they need according to the RDA of 0.8g/kg?
0.8 gram of protein / kg of healthy bw= kg
154lb / 2.2kg/ lb = 70 kg
70 kg x .8 g protein/ kg heathy bw = 56 g protein
legumes are often missing the AA _____
methionine
graims are often missing AA ______. ____ and _________
lysine, threonine and tryptophan
how much does the RDA for protein increase with pregnancy?
10 to 15 g/day
how much could the RDA for protein increase for endurance athletes?
1.2 – 1.7
g/kg healthy weight
excess protein is stored as protein
FALSE
what is the RDA for protein in adults?
0.8g/kg
there is a UL for protein
FAlse, there is none
AA supplements can _________ the __________ mechanisms in the body
overwhelm and absorptive
excess of one AA can hamper absorption of others. t or f
true
supplements can cause imbalances and toxicity especially with _________ and _______
methionine and tyrosine
after 25, weight gain = ____
fat gain
lean muscle mass _________ with increasing age
decreases
