Lipids Flashcards
Fats and oils contain___kcalories per gram
9
The typical American diet contains about
_____ of its energy from fat
34%
What is the major form on lipids in food and in the body?
triglycerides
If only one fatty acid is attached to the glycerol,
it is called a__________
monoglyceride
If two fatty acids are attached to the glycerol, it
is called a _________
diglyceride
3 fatty acids + glycerol =
triglyceride
What fatty acid has fewer than 6 carbons and remains liquid at cold temperatures?
short-chain
What FA ranges from 6 to12 carbons
and solidify when chilled but are liquid at room
temperature
medium-chain
example of medium chain FA
coconut oil
example of short chain FA
milk
What FA contains between 14 to 22
carbons, are usually solid at room temperature
Long chain
example of long chain FA
beef fat
_______________fatty acids contain no carbon-carbon double bonds. Red meat, butter, cheese and whole milk are high in this like palmitic acid.
Saturated FA
____________ fatty acid contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond
polyunsaturated
__________ FA contains one C-C double bond and is present in olive, peanut oils and nuts and avocados. oleic acid
monounsaturated FA
___________FA is when the first double bond occurs between the six and seventh carbon atom. corn oil, soybean oil and nuts. linoleic acid
omega-6 FA
first double bond occurs between the 3rd and 4th carbon atoms. fish oils
omega 3 FA
____________FA Contain carbons in a chain that are boundto two hydrogens
saturated FA
When fats are exposed to oxygen, the
damage is called _______
rancidity
The essential fatty acids omega-3 and
omega-6 are unsaturated or Saturated?
Unsaturated
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
fatty acids are _______ fatty acids
unsaturated
________ fatty acids can be created by
hydrogenation
Trans
______ fatty acids have been shown to raise
blood cholesterol levels and increase the
risk of heart disease
Trans
Phospholipids are lipids attached to a
_______ group
phosphate
___________, such as lecithin, are
the major class of phospholipids
q Act as emulsifiers
q Phosphoglycerides form a lipid bilayer in cell
membranes, helping to regulate what can
pass into and out of a cell
Phosphoglycerides
__________Are a type of lipid found in plants and
animals that
n Do not dissolve well in water
sterols
Cholesterol is a type of _____ found only in
animals
q More than 90% of cholesterol in the body is found
in cell membranes
q Diets high in cholesterol (from animals) can
increase the risk of heart disease
n Plant sterols can help reduce cholesterol in
the body
sterol
__________ Are transport particles for waterinsoluble lipids
lipoproteins
lipoproteins Help transport triglycerides, cholesterol,
and fat-soluble vitamins from the ______ and stored lipids from the ______
small
intestine, liver
______________Are a combination of diet-derived
triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids,
and a small amount of protein
Chylomicrons
______________Help to transport long-chain fatty acids
into the lymphatic system and into the
blood stream without passing through
the liver
n Deliver triglycerides to the body’s cells
Chylomicrons
What are the largest lipopriteins and contain most triglycerides?
chylomicron
Thes are smaller lipoproteins that are second to chylomicrons. still have a high amoount of triglycerides
VLDL
contains the highest portion of cholesterol than other lipoproteins
LDL
densest lipoprteins due to hgih protein content
HDL
The _____ is the major lipid-producing
organ in the body
liver
_________ transport lipids out of the liver and
deliver them to cells in the body
VLDLs
The enzyme _____ ____removes
triglycerides from VLDLs, creating
intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)
lipoprotein lipase
Approximately ⅔ of IDLs return to the liver;
the remainder are transformed in the blood
into _____________________
low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
_____ contain less triglyceride and more
cholesterol than VLDLs and deliver cholesterol
to the cells
LDLs
If the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood
exceeds the amount that can be used by the
cells, the result is a _______ ______of LDLs
high level
_________ _______ _______- in the blood have been associated with an increased risk for heart
disease
High levels of LDLs
Can most cells break down cholesterol?
no
Cholesterol is returned to the _____to be
eliminated from the body
liver
This reverse cholesterol transport is done by
__________
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
____ _____ _____in the blood help to
prevent cholesterol from depositing in the artery walls
High levels of HDL
High levels of HDL are associated with a
______ in heart disease risk
reduction
Most lipids in the body are _______
stored in adipose tissue
triglycerides
what is the most commonly consumed type of chain fatty acids? long, short medium?
Long chain
saturated has no double bonds t or f
true!!! think of lard and how it stays firm
unaturated fatty acids have double bonds t or f
true
which omega fatty acid is over-consumed?
omega 6 fatty acids
Our body can make omega fatty acids t or false
false, we have to get them in our food supply
What two fatty acids are needed in the diet? are they unsaturated or saturated?
linoleic acid and linolenic acid
Most animal fats and tropical oils contain
______________fatty acids
saturated
__________fA are not saturated with hydrogen
unsaturated
are omega 3 and 6 saturated or unsaturated?
unsaturated
in ____ fatty acids, hydrgoens are on the same side of the double bond and cause a “bend” in the carbon chain
cis
in _____ fatty acids the hydrogens are on opposite sides makeing the carbon chain straighter
trans
a steak has fat on the outside at room temp because it is high in ___________ FA
saturated
veggie oil is liquid at room temp bc they are high in __________ FA
unsaturated
margarine is high in ______ unsaturated fatty acids which allows triglycerides to pack tightly together.
trans
______sterols can help reduce cholesterol in
the body
Plant
a small amount of digestion occurs in the stomach because of _________ _______
gastric lipase
the liver produces _____ which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in digestion
bile
the pancreas releases pancreatic ______ which is released into the small intestine to break down triglycerides.
lipase
in the small intestine, ______ are formed which move close to the microvilli to allow lipids to diffuse into mucosal cells
micelles
inside these mucosal cells, everything is reassembled into triglycerides again and put into the _______ system, not the blood!
lymph
lipids enter into what system while proteins and carbs enter where?
lymph and blood
___________fatty acids help to
regulate blood pressure and blood clotting
Polyunsaturated
__________ fatty acids are important for
growth, skin integrity, fertility, and the
structure and function of cell membranes
Essential
__________ are made from omega-3 and
omega-6 fatty acids
q Help regulate blood clotting, blood pressure
and immune function
Eicosanoids
what are some symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency?
Symptoms include dry and scaly skin, liver
abnormalities, poor wound healing,
growth failure in infants, and impaired
hearing and vision
28 grams of _______ is suggested per day.
fiber
omega _ is connected to linoleic, veggie oils and meats
6
omega _ is connected with linoleNic, flaxseeds, walnuts and soy
3
where do you get arachiodonic acids?
meat and eggs, part of the omega 6 group
where do you get eicosapentenoic acid? (EPA)
fish oils, this is part of the omega 3 FA
what are the differences in omega 6 and 3 derived eicosanoids?
omega 6 are known for increasing inflamation, blood clotting and pressure.
omega 3 decreases inflamation, clotting and pressure.
fat has ____x more energy than protein and carbs
2.5
feasting: when excessive energy is consumed it is stored as __________ in adipose tissue
triglycerides
fasting: when no food has been eaten for a while, triglyceries are broken down adn released as _________ _______as an energy source
fatty acids
_____million Americans suffer from some
form of cardiovascular disease
85.6
__________ is a disease in which lipids
and fibrous materials are deposited in
artery walls
Atherosclerosis
what is a high risk cholesterol in mg/100ml? low?
High: >240
low: less than 200
what is a high risk LDL in mg/100ml? Low?
High: >160
low: <100
what is a high risk HDLin mg/100ml? Low?
High: <40
low: LESS THAN 60
would having a low HDL or LDL put you at high risk?
low HDL is at higher risk
when was cholesterol removed from the DGA recommendation?
2015
does dietary cholesterol affect blood cholesterol?
NO
Calculating energy from fat
q Energy (kcal) from fat = grams fat x 9 kcal/g fat
q Example:
n 30 grams fat x 9 kcal/gram = 270 kcal from fat
Practice this!!!!!
n Calculating % energy from fat
q % energy from fat = Kcal from fat/total kcal x 100
q Example:
n 200 kcal from fat/1200 kcals x 100 = 16.7%
PRACTICE
50% of breastmilk is ____
FAT
IN pregnancy, often suggest to eat a higher fat diet. t or false
true
babies need high fat diets t or f
true!!!
there are no daily values for _____, ______ and ___________ fats.
trans, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated. Sometimes poly and mono can be on products voluntarily.
on a nutrition label, %DV is listed for _______, _________ and ________.
total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol.
it is recomended to consume less than _____% of calories as fat.
30%
consume no more than _____mg of cholesterol per day.
300 mg
fat free means…
it contains less than 0.5 g of fat per serving
low fat means it contains….
less than 3 g of fat per serving
reduced fat means it contains…….
25% less fat per serving than the OG
the artificial fat Olestra can or cannot be digested by humans?
it cannot. It is excreted into the feces
how many kcals does sucrose add per gram?
4 kcals
what are the only essentail FAs that we worry about bc we cannot make it
linoleic and linolinic
