Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What does a catalyst do ?

A

A catalyst speeds up the rate of chemical reactions and remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.

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2
Q

Since catalysts remain unchanged at the end of the reaction, what does this mean?

A

They can be used again

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3
Q

What is a biological catalyst also known as?

A

enzymes

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4
Q

How do biological catalysts speed up the rate of the reaction?

A

By lowering the energy input for a reaction to proceed.

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5
Q

What is the substance that an enzyme acts on called?

A

substrate

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6
Q

During the reaction, what is formed?

A

enzyme-substrate complex

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7
Q

What is the substance left behind at the end of the reaction called?

A

product

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8
Q

What is the substrate complementary to?

A

active site

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9
Q

What determines the shape of the active site?

A

sequence of amino acids

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10
Q

What happens to the shape of the enzyme when the substrate becomes bound to the active site?

A

changes shape, giving close fit between enzyme and substrate.

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11
Q

What happens after the substrate becomes bound to the active site?

A

substrate is broken down into end products

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12
Q

What happens to the shape of the enzyme once the end products have been released?.

A

returns back to original shape

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13
Q

What is degradation

A

A breakdown reaction - when a chemical compound splits into smaller parts.

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14
Q

What is synthesis

A

A build-up reaction - when two or more substances join together to form one product

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15
Q

What enzyme is specific to starch

A

Amylase

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16
Q

What are the products of the degradation of starch?

17
Q

What enzyme is specific to the substrate glucose-1-phosphate?

A

phosphorylase

18
Q

What type of reaction is there for glucose-1-phosphate using phosphorylase?

19
Q

What are the products of the synthesis of glucose-1-phosphate?

20
Q

What is the optimum temperature for the enzyme catalase ?

21
Q

What name is given when an enzymes active site has changed shape?

22
Q

Why might an enzyme become denatured?

A

At high temperatures once it has past its optimum.

23
Q

What does an enzyme have in terms of the effect of pH?

A

different working range

24
Q

How can we find the optimum pH for each enzyme?

A

In the middle of its working range

25
What do most enzymes work best at?(pH)
pH 7
26
What will happen to the enzyme if they are in a strong acid or alkali?
become denatured
27
Name the diff types of proteins
Hormones Emzymes Structural Antibodies
28
Function and examples of hormones
Communication between different parts of the body. | Eg,insulin and glucagon
29
Function and examples of enzymes
speed up cellular reactions at body temperature | Eg, ATPase and Cellulose synthase:
30
Function and examples of structural proteins
Forms supporting frameworks inside cells | Eg,keratin and tubulin
31
Function and examples antibodies
Part of the immune system. They are produced by white blood cells Eg,millions of diff types
32
Word equation for when liver cells produce the enzyme catalase to speed up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide——>water + hydrogen | Catalase
33
What is a active site
The part of an enzyme that one or more substrates molecules can attach to
34
Three steps of degradation
1. substrate colides with active site of enzyme and becomes attached. 2. enzyme degrades substrate 3. products released from active site
35
What is pepsin
Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the acidic conditions of the stomach
36
Whats pepsins optimum and working range ph
optimum of pH 2.5 and a working range of between pH 1-4
37
What is catalases optimum and working range ph
optimum pH of 9 and a working range of between pH 7-11.
38
What type of reaction is there for starch using amylase?
Degradation