protein synthesis Flashcards
where does transcription occur
nucleus
where can you learn about transcription
blue book
where can you learn about translation
blue book
describe the parts of a tRNA molecule
amino acid
amino acid bonding site
anticodon
clover shape
what happens to introns before polypeptide chain formed
introns spliced out of the first copy of mRNA
what are introns
non coding parts of a gene
what are exons
sections that are all coding
what is pre-mRNA
code that still contains introns and hasn’t been spliced yet
original full code
what is a genome
all the genes in a cell
what is the universal code
same amino acids code for the same codons in every cell on earth
set of rules living cells to form proteins.
what is a proteome
all the proteins in an organism
what is a degenerate code
code has multiple codes with the sae meaning
(multiple codons code for eh same amino acid)
is code overlapping
no its non-overlapping
what is a mutation
random, rare change in code that results in a new allele
what are the 4 types of mutations
substitution
addition
deletion
inversion
what happens in an a substitution mutation
single base is substituted for another
can be neutral as degenerate or can change tertiary structure of protein made
what happens in an inversion mutation
2 bases swap around
not often significant
what occurs in frame shift in addition and deletion mutations frame shift
whole code moves along
changing all triplets after the mutation
almost always resulting in a non-functioning protein
what happens in an addition mutation
another base is added in
causes
what happens in deletion mutations
deletion mutation
causes frame shift
what is a non-disjunction
a chromosomal mutation that leads to an uneven number of chromosomes in daughter cells
what does DNA helicase do
unzips strands by breaking hydrogen bonds between adjacent nitrogenous bases
what is the unzipped strand called
template strand
what happens to the template strand
free RNA nucleotides are attracted to the complimentary base on the template strand
this is called teh sense strand
in translation, how many codons are exposed by the ribosome at a time
2
what brings amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
what are some differences between mRNA and tRNA
mRNA linear, tRNA clover-leaf shaped
tRNA amino-acid bonding site, mRNA no
tRNA anticodons, mRNA codons
how does polypeptide form
temporary h bonds form between codon and anticodon as 2 amino acids are brought close by adjacent tRNA molecules
peptide bonds form between them by condensation reaction
what form of energy is used for translation
ATP
what ends the polypeptide chain
a stop codon
where do amino acids form peptide bonds between
between the amino/NH2 group and the carboxyl/COOH group
describe transcription short answer
production of mRNA and tRNA
what is the difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
in prokaryotes, transcription results in the production of mRNA
in eukaryotes, transcription results in pre-mRNA which is then spliced to form mRNA
what can increase the chance of a gene mutation
mutagenic agents
describe translation
production of polypeptides from the sequence of codons carried by mRNA
when do gene mutations occur
spontaneously during DNA replication
why do not all substitution s result in change in amino acids
code is degenergate
when does mutations in the number of chromosomes occur
and how
during meiosis
by chromosome non-disjunction
