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Biology topic 1 - biological molecules > protein synthesis > Flashcards

protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

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2
Q

where can you learn about transcription

A

blue book

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3
Q

where can you learn about translation

A

blue book

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4
Q

describe the parts of a tRNA molecule

A

amino acid
amino acid bonding site
anticodon
clover shape

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5
Q

what happens to introns before polypeptide chain formed

A

introns spliced out of the first copy of mRNA

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6
Q

what are introns

A

non coding parts of a gene

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7
Q

what are exons

A

sections that are all coding

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8
Q

what is pre-mRNA

A

code that still contains introns and hasn’t been spliced yet
original full code

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9
Q

what is a genome

A

all the genes in a cell

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10
Q

what is the universal code

A

same amino acids code for the same codons in every cell on earth
set of rules living cells to form proteins.

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10
Q

what is a proteome

A

all the proteins in an organism

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11
Q

what is a degenerate code

A

code has multiple codes with the sae meaning
(multiple codons code for eh same amino acid)

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12
Q

is code overlapping

A

no its non-overlapping

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13
Q

what is a mutation

A

random, rare change in code that results in a new allele

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14
Q

what are the 4 types of mutations

A

substitution
addition
deletion
inversion

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15
Q

what happens in an a substitution mutation

A

single base is substituted for another
can be neutral as degenerate or can change tertiary structure of protein made

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16
Q

what happens in an inversion mutation

A

2 bases swap around
not often significant

17
Q

what occurs in frame shift in addition and deletion mutations frame shift

A

whole code moves along
changing all triplets after the mutation
almost always resulting in a non-functioning protein

17
Q

what happens in an addition mutation

A

another base is added in
causes

18
Q

what happens in deletion mutations

A

deletion mutation
causes frame shift

19
Q

what is a non-disjunction

A

a chromosomal mutation that leads to an uneven number of chromosomes in daughter cells

20
Q

what does DNA helicase do

A

unzips strands by breaking hydrogen bonds between adjacent nitrogenous bases

21
Q

what is the unzipped strand called

A

template strand

22
Q

what happens to the template strand

A

free RNA nucleotides are attracted to the complimentary base on the template strand
this is called teh sense strand

23
Q

in translation, how many codons are exposed by the ribosome at a time

A

2

24
Q

what brings amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA

25
Q

what are some differences between mRNA and tRNA

A

mRNA linear, tRNA clover-leaf shaped
tRNA amino-acid bonding site, mRNA no
tRNA anticodons, mRNA codons

26
Q

how does polypeptide form

A

temporary h bonds form between codon and anticodon as 2 amino acids are brought close by adjacent tRNA molecules
peptide bonds form between them by condensation reaction

27
Q

what form of energy is used for translation

A

ATP

28
Q

what ends the polypeptide chain

A

a stop codon

29
Q

where do amino acids form peptide bonds between

A

between the amino/NH2 group and the carboxyl/COOH group

30
Q

describe transcription short answer

A

production of mRNA and tRNA

31
Q

what is the difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

in prokaryotes, transcription results in the production of mRNA
in eukaryotes, transcription results in pre-mRNA which is then spliced to form mRNA

32
Q

what can increase the chance of a gene mutation

A

mutagenic agents

32
Q

describe translation

A

production of polypeptides from the sequence of codons carried by mRNA

32
Q
A
32
Q

when do gene mutations occur

A

spontaneously during DNA replication

33
Q

why do not all substitution s result in change in amino acids

A

code is degenergate

33
Q
A
33
Q

when does mutations in the number of chromosomes occur
and how

A

during meiosis
by chromosome non-disjunction

Biology topic 1 - biological molecules (16 decks)

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