protein synthesis

Question 1

where does transcription occur

Answer 1

nucleus

Question 2

where can you learn about transcription

Answer 2

blue book

Question 3

where can you learn about translation

Answer 3

blue book

Question 4

describe the parts of a tRNA molecule

Answer 4

amino acid
amino acid bonding site
anticodon
clover shape

Question 5

what happens to introns before polypeptide chain formed

Answer 5

introns spliced out of the first copy of mRNA

Question 6

what are introns

Answer 6

non coding parts of a gene

Question 7

what are exons

Answer 7

sections that are all coding

Question 8

what is pre-mRNA

Answer 8

code that still contains introns and hasn’t been spliced yet
original full code

Question 9

what is a genome

Answer 9

all the genes in a cell

Question 10

what is the universal code

Answer 10

same amino acids code for the same codons in every cell on earth
set of rules living cells to form proteins.

Question 10

what is a proteome

Answer 10

all the proteins in an organism

Question 11

what is a degenerate code

Answer 11

code has multiple codes with the sae meaning
(multiple codons code for eh same amino acid)

Question 12

is code overlapping

Answer 12

no its non-overlapping

Question 13

what is a mutation

Answer 13

random, rare change in code that results in a new allele

Question 14

what are the 4 types of mutations

Answer 14

substitution
addition
deletion
inversion

Question 15

what happens in an a substitution mutation

Answer 15

single base is substituted for another
can be neutral as degenerate or can change tertiary structure of protein made

Question 16

what happens in an inversion mutation

Answer 16

2 bases swap around
not often significant

Question 17

what occurs in frame shift in addition and deletion mutations frame shift

Answer 17

whole code moves along
changing all triplets after the mutation
almost always resulting in a non-functioning protein

Question 17

what happens in an addition mutation

Answer 17

another base is added in
causes

Question 18

what happens in deletion mutations

Answer 18

deletion mutation
causes frame shift

Question 19

what is a non-disjunction

Answer 19

a chromosomal mutation that leads to an uneven number of chromosomes in daughter cells

Question 20

what does DNA helicase do

Answer 20

unzips strands by breaking hydrogen bonds between adjacent nitrogenous bases

Question 21

what is the unzipped strand called

Answer 21

template strand

Question 22

what happens to the template strand

Answer 22

free RNA nucleotides are attracted to the complimentary base on the template strand
this is called teh sense strand

Question 23

in translation, how many codons are exposed by the ribosome at a time

Answer 23

2

Question 24

what brings amino acids to the ribosome

Answer 24

tRNA

Question 25

what are some differences between mRNA and tRNA

Answer 25

mRNA linear, tRNA clover-leaf shaped tRNA amino-acid bonding site, mRNA no tRNA anticodons, mRNA codons

Question 26

how does polypeptide form

Answer 26

temporary h bonds form between codon and anticodon as 2 amino acids are brought close by adjacent tRNA molecules peptide bonds form between them by condensation reaction

Question 27

what form of energy is used for translation

Answer 27

ATP

Question 28

what ends the polypeptide chain

Answer 28

a stop codon

Question 29

where do amino acids form peptide bonds between

Answer 29

between the amino/NH2 group and the carboxyl/COOH group

Question 30

describe transcription short answer

Answer 30

production of mRNA and tRNA

Question 31

what is the difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 31

in prokaryotes, transcription results in the production of mRNA in eukaryotes, transcription results in pre-mRNA which is then spliced to form mRNA

Question 32

what can increase the chance of a gene mutation

Answer 32

mutagenic agents

Question 32

describe translation

Answer 32

production of polypeptides from the sequence of codons carried by mRNA

Question 32

when do gene mutations occur

Answer 32

spontaneously during DNA replication

Question 33

why do not all substitution s result in change in amino acids

Answer 33

code is degenergate

Question 33

when does mutations in the number of chromosomes occur and how

Answer 33

during meiosis by chromosome non-disjunction