prokaryotes + viruses

Question 1

define eukaryotes

Answer 1

cells with distinctive features such as a nucleus, mitochondria + chloroplasts

Question 2

define prokaryote

Answer 2

much smaller cells with distinctive organelles
circular dna floating in cytoplasm

Question 3

give the 2 sub-sections of prokaryotes

Answer 3

archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)
eubacteria(modern bacteria)

Question 4

define viruses

Answer 4

tiny
always parasitic
not made of cells
can only reproduce inside of living cells

Question 5

do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have smaller ribosomes

Answer 5

prokaryotes

Question 6

what kind of organelles do eukaryotes have

Answer 6

membrane-bound organelles

Question 7

what is the flagellum for in eukaryotes

Answer 7

movemnent

Question 8

what are prokaryotic cell walls made of

Answer 8

murein

Question 8

what are plasmids

Answer 8

dna

Question 9

what does dna look like in prokaryotic cells

Answer 9

naked circular dna
plasmids

Question 10

what are pili for in prokaryotic cells

Answer 10

for attachment

Question 11

what is binary fission

Answer 11

replication of bacteria

Question 12

what are the mark points of binary fission

Answer 12

• replication of circular dna
  -replication of plasmids
  -division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
  forming 2 daughter cells

Question 13

define pathogen

Answer 13

an organism that has teh ability to cause disease

Question 14

what does acellular mean

Answer 14

not a cell
viruses

Question 15

what are viruses missing that living cells have

Answer 15

cytoplasm
cell membrane
cant reproduce on its own (needs a host cell)

Question 16

what form of genetic information can viruses have

Answer 16

DNA or RNA

Question 17

what are viruses with rna called

Answer 17

retroviruses

Question 18

what is an example of a retrovirus (virus with rna)

Answer 18

HIV

Question 19

what does HIV stand for

Answer 19

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 20

what enzyme does HIV have and what does it do

Answer 20

transcriptase
reverses transcription

Question 21

what are hiv immunoproteins made of and what are they used for

Answer 21

made of glycoproteins
they are put into vaccines to help people develop resistance to the virus as the body would recognise the foren cells and takes action agains cells quicker

Question 22

what are the features of hiv
or all viruses

Answer 22

attachment proteins
capsid
RNA/DNA
lipid envelope

Question 23

how do viruses reproduce mps

Answer 23

virus attachment proteins bind to cell membrane
virus empties DNA/RNA into cells nucleus
cell start making attachment protein and capsids

Question 24

how does reverse transcription using transcriptase work

Answer 24

dna integrates into nucleus
premature virus is developed
premature virus takes cell membrane with lipid envelope familiar to immune system with it
hiv drug blocks attachment proteins stopping them from binding with lymphocytes

Question 25

what do prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cells dont

Answer 25

no-membrane bound organelles
smaller ribosomes
cell wall with murein
plasmids
capsule
flagella(s)

Question 26

what do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells dont

Answer 26

nucleus
membrane bound organelles
larger ribosomes

Question 27

describe viruses

Answer 27

acellular
non-living

Question 28

describe the structure of viruses

Answer 28

genetic material (DNA/RNA)
capsid
attachment proteins

Question 29

after binary fission ,how many circular rings of dna and plasmids are there

Answer 29

1 circular dna
a variable number of copies of plasmids

Question 30

do viruses undergo cell division and why

Answer 30

no because they are non-living

Question 31

who replicates virus

Answer 31

following injection of nucleic acid, the infected cell host replicates the8 virus particles