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Biology topic 1 - biological molecules > DNA and RNA > Flashcards

DNA and RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

name the parts of a DNA nucleotide
3

A

phosphate
deoxyribose
nitrogenous base

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2
Q

what bond is formed between phosphate and deoxyribose

A

phosphodiester bond

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3
Q

what bonds are formed between the nitrogenous bases in a DNA double helix

A

hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

describe the formation of DNA strands in a double helix

A

antiparallel strands

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5
Q

name the monomers of DNA

A

polynucleotides (joined together using hydrogen bonds)

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5
Q

define genome

A

all of the DNA in an organism

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5
Q

name 3 things DNA is that RNA isnt

A

has deoxyribonucleic acid
G-C A-T
double stranded

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6
Q

what percentage of each base is found in humans

A

cytosine and guanine have 23%
adenine and thymine have 27%

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7
Q

describe DNA in eukaryotes

A

linear
double stranded
found in nucleus
bound to proteins
contains non-coding parts

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8
Q

what protein is DNA bound to in eukaryotes

A

histones

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9
Q

describe DNA in prokaryotes

A

naked
circular
pure function (has no non-coding parts

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10
Q

difference in function between DNA and RNA

A

DNA holds genetic information
RNA transfers genetic information to ribosomes

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11
Q

what are ribosomes formed from

A

rRNA and proteins

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12
Q

why did scientists doubt DNA carried the genetic code

A

because of it’d relative simplicity

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13
Q

define semi-conservative replication

A

making 2 molecules of DNA that are identical using one original strand of DNA as the termplate

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14
Q

what are the 4 sections of the cellcycle

A

growth
DNA synthesis
growth + preparation for mitosis
mitosis

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14
Q

what enzyme unzips DNA for semi-conservative replication and how does it work

A

DNA helicase
it breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

15
Q

what are the split strands of DNA called

A

parental strands

16
Q

how do bases join the parental strands during complimentary based pairing

A

free floating nucleotides in the nucleus are attracted to these parental strands of DNA

17
Q

what does DNA polymerase do in semi conservative replication

A

reads nucleotides and enables them to join new strand as condensation reactions occur to form phosphodiester bonds

18
Q

what direction does DNA polymerase work in and what does that mean

A

works in 5’ - 3’ direction
DNA polymerase can only bind to 3’ end so will only go in one direction
the anti-parallel strands mean the enzyme goes in opposite directions for each strand

19
Q

who made the proof for semi-conservative replication

A

Meselson and Stahl

20
Q

what was Meselson and Stahl’s proof

A

labelled the DNA of bacteria across generations using isotopes of nitrogen. From the patterns of DNA labelling they saw,
they confirmed that DNA is replicated semi-conservatively.

21
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are there between
adenine and thymine
cytosine and guanine

A

A-T =3
C-G=2

22
Q

what happens before mRNA is sent out of the nucleus

A

pre-mRNA is spliced

23
Q

in translation, what energy is used to form peptide bonds

A

ATP

24
Q

name the bases

A

adenine
thymine (only DNA)
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (only RNA)

25
Q

how is a phosphodiester bond formed

A

a condensation reaction between two adjacent nucleotides

26
Q

describe a DNA molecule

A

double helix
two polynucleotide chains
held together by hydrogen bonds
between complimentary base pairs

27
Q

describe an RNA molecule

A

relatively short polynucleotide chain

28
Q

in prokaryotic cells, what form is dna

A

short, circular, not associated with proteins

29
Q

what is the name of the protein associated with DNA

A

histones

30
Q

in eukaryotic cells, what is the form of dna

A

long linear
associated with proteins
DNA molecule and proteins form a chromosome

31
Q

what are the 2 things a base sequence of dna codes for

A

amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
a functional RNA

31
Q

in eukaryotic cells, what else contains DNA
how does this dna differ from the dna in the nucleus

A

mitochondria
chloroplasts
it is short, circular and not associated with proteins

32
Q

what is teh fixed position a gene occupies on a particular DNA molecule

A

a locus

33
Q

give 3 words to describe the genetic code

A

degenerate
non-overlapping
universal

34
Q

what does degenerate mean

A

multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

35
Q

what does universal mean

A

in all organisms on earth, the same codons code for the same amino acids

36
Q

what does non-overlapping mean

A

each base can only be in one codon/tripet

Biology topic 1 - biological molecules (16 decks)

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