Prostate Cancer Flashcards
What is the most common type of prostate cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
Which part of the prostate does cancer typically effect?
Peripheral zone
What are risk factors for prostate cancer?
FHx of breast/prostate cancer BRCA2 Lynch syndrome Increasing age Afro-Caribbean
What are the features of prostate cancer?
Asymptomatic
LUTS
Haematuria
Bone pain
What are the 2WW referral criteria for prostate cancer?
Prostate feels malignant
Raised PSA
How is suspected prostate cancer investigated?
DRE
PSA
Biopsy
- TRUS
- transperineal
MRI
What can cause a raised PSA?
UTI DRE Recent ejaculation Acute urinary retention Prostate cancer
How can prostate cancer be staged?
Using TNM, PSA + Gleason grade
Low
- T1-T2a
- PSA <10
- Gleason <6
Intermediate
- T2b
- PSA 10-20
- Gleason 7
High
- > T2c
- PSA >20
- Gleason 8-10
What is Gleason grading?
Use 2 biggest tumour areas and add scores
1 = small uniform glands 2 = more stroma 3 = distinctly infiltrative margins 4 = irregular margins 5 = occasional glands
How can prostate cancer be managed?
Watchful waiting Active surveillance Radical prostatectomy External beam RT Brachytherapy Androgen deprivation therapy
What is watchful waiting?
Less intensive follow up
Aim = symptom control
What is active surveillance?
Closely monitoring patients
Aim = treat if progressing
What is a radical prostatectomy?
Remove
- prostate
- seminal vesicle
- LNs
What is brachytherapy?
Inject radioactive pellets into prostate
What are the different types of androgen deprivation therapy?
Bilateral orchidectomy
Goserelin
Degarelix
