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2 - CPR (renal) > Prostate > Flashcards

Prostate Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Exterior to the testes

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2
Q

There are 4 common lesions of the tunica vaginalis. What are they?

A

Hematocele
Chylocele
Spermatocele
Varicocele

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3
Q

Hematocele

A

Collection of blood usually from trauma

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4
Q

Chylocele and what is its association?

A

Collection of lymph

– associated with elephantiasis (lymph obstruction)

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5
Q

Spermatocele

A

Collection of semen in ducts

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6
Q

Varicocele

A

Dilated vein in the spermatic cord that looks like a bag of worms

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7
Q

What are the 4 zones of the Prostate?

A

Peripheral
Central
Transition
Periurethral

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8
Q

The prostate consists of ___ separated by fibromuscular stroma. What cell types are the ____ lined by?

A

GLANDS

- lined by cuboidal and overlying columnar secreting cells

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9
Q

What controls the growth and survival of the prostatic cells?

A

Testicular androgens

– thus castration causes atrophy of the prostate gland

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10
Q

Acute and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis (inflammation) causing bacteria are similar to the common ones that cause?

A

UTI’s

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis?

A

Fever
Chills
Dysuria
Tender and boggy prostate

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis?

A

Fever/chills
Dysuria
Tender and boggy prostate

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13
Q

With Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis, what will the patient have a history of?

A

Recurrent UTI’s

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14
Q

What are the symptoms (if they have any) of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis?

A

Lower back pain
Perineal/suprapubic pain
Dysuria

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15
Q

What are the symptoms (if they have any) of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis?

A

Lower back pain
Perineal/suprapubic pain
Dysuria

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16
Q

With Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis, what will be present in the prostatic secretions and what will be result of the culture?

A

Leukocytosis in the secretions

(+) culture

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis?

A

Same as Chronic Bacterial

= Lower back pain, perineal/suprapubic pain, dysuria

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18
Q

With Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis, is there a history of recurrent UTI’s?

A

NO

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19
Q

With Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis, what will be present in the prostatic secretions and what is the result of the culture?

A

Leukocytosis in the secretions

(-) culture

20
Q

Granulomatous Prostatitis has many causes. What are the 3 most common?

A
  1. Instillation of BCG for bladder cancer treatment
  2. Reaction from secretions from ruptured prostatic ducts/acini
  3. Fungal
21
Q

Granulomatous Prostatitis has many causes. What are the 3 most common?

A
  1. Instillation of BCG for bladder cancer treatment
  2. Reaction from secretions from ruptured prostatic ducts/acini
  3. Fungal
22
Q

What zone does BPH affect?

A

Transition zone

= Compresses urethra

23
Q

What zone does BPH affect?

A

Transition zone

= Compresses urethra

24
Q

What is the main culprit that incites the events that lead to BPH?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

25
Q

With BPH, what cells does DHT activate?

A

Stromal cells

26
Q

With BPH, DHT activates stromal cells. What molecules do stromal cells activate and what does that result in?

A

TGF-beta = epithelial cell death

IGFs, EGF, KGF = epithelial cell proliferation

27
Q

When stromal cells (+) TGF-beta that results in epithelial cell death. What can (-) that in order to cause BPH?

A

Estrogen

28
Q

When stromal cells (+) IGFs, EGF, KGF that results in epithelial cell proliferation. What does that result in and what can help further that along?

A

BPH

– estrogen (+) as well

29
Q

BPH is due to what cell proliferating?

A

Epithelial cells

30
Q

How does Estrogen progress BPH?

A

(+) epithelial cell proliferation

(-) epithelial cell death

31
Q

What type of malignancy commonly affects the Prostate?

A

Adenocarcinoma

32
Q

What type of malignancy commonly affects the prostate?

A

Adenocarcinoma

33
Q

What type of diet is a risk factor for Prostatic Adenocarcinoma?

A

Western diet of red meats and animal fats

34
Q

What mutations can also increase the risk for Prostatic Adenocarcinoma?

A

MYC
MMR
HOXB13

35
Q

What fusion gene is responsible for Prostatic Adenocarcinoma?

A

TMPRSS - ETS fusion gene

36
Q

What fusion gene is responsible for Prostatic Adenocarcinoma?

A

TMPRSS - ETS fusion gene

37
Q

The ETS gene is involved with the fusion gene that causes prostatic adenocarcinoma. What are its 2 most common forms?

A

ERG

ETV1

38
Q

After the TMPRSS - ETS fusion gene arises, what is lost in order for prostatic adenocarcinoma to arise?

A

P27 loss

39
Q

What zone does Prostatic Adenocarcinomas affect?

A

Peripheral zone

40
Q

What zone does Prostatic Adenocarcinomas affect?

A

Peripheral zone

41
Q

Prostatic Adenocarcinomas usually arise in the peripheral zone. Why is that significant?

A

That zone is posteriorly which allows for the cancer to be palpable on a DRE

42
Q

What 3 morphologic changes are present wit Prostatic Adenocarcinoma?

A
  1. Perineural invasion
  2. Absence of basal cells
  3. Upregulation of AMACR
43
Q

What 3 morphologic changes are present with Prostatic Adenocarcinomas?

A
  1. Perineural invasion
  2. Absence of basal cells
  3. Upregulation of AMACR
44
Q

What may be elevated in the serum with prostatic adenocarcinoma that is NOT cancer specific?

A

PSA

45
Q

What is PSA good for with Prostatic Adenocarcinomas?

A

Monitoring treatment

2 - CPR (renal) (27 decks)

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