20-1 Flashcards
Kidney diseases can be grouped by the component that they affect. What are 4 categories?
- Glomeruli
- Tubules
- Interstitium
- Blood vessels
Generally, kidney diseases that affect the Glomeruli are mediated by what?
Immune mediated
Generally, kidney diseases that affect the tubules and interstitium are mediated by what?
Toxins/infectious agents
Disorders that affect more than 1 kidney structure eventually lead to chronic kidney disease and when all 4 structures are damaged that is considered _______ kidneys
End-stage kidneys
Azotemia
Elevated BUN and Creatinine due to a lowered GFR
What causes Pre-Renal Azotemia?
Hypoperfusion of the kidneys
What causes Post-Renal Azotemia?
Urine outflow obstruction distal to kidney
When Azotemia leads to clinical signs and symptoms that is considered?
Uremia
What are some symptoms of Uremia?
Uremic frost
Asterixis
Metallic taste in mouth
Confusion, N/V, etc.
Increased BUN and Creatinine due to a lowered GFR
Azotemia
What generally causes asymptomatic hematuria/proteinuria?
Abnormalities of the glomerulus
AKI involves a lowered GFR and dysregulation of?
(Acute Kidney Injury)
- Lowered GFR with fluid, electrolyte and waste dysregulation
What classifies CKD?
(Chronic Kidney Disease)
- GFR less than 60 for at least 3 months
What classifies ESRD?
(End Stage Renal Disease)
GFR < 5% of normal
How will Renal Tubular Defects present?
Polyuria
Nocturia
Electrolyte disorders
What makes up the Glomerular Filtration Barrier?
Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium
Glomerular Basement Membrane
Foot processes of Podocytes (visceral epithelial cell)
The Glomerular Filtration Barrier discriminates molecules based on?
Size and Charge
Cationic or Anionic molecules will pass the Glomerular Filtration Barrier with small molecules?
Cationic = (+) charged
What cells support the glomerulus and lie between capillaries and at the base of the macula densa?
Mesangial cells
Visceral epithelial cells known as Podocytes have what that extend off the GBM?
Foot processes
What is the space between Podocyte foot processes known as?
Filtration slits
What connects the filtration slits of the foot processes?
Filtration slit diaphragm
Describe how the nucleus of the podocyte cell body looks and what is a main job that the podocyte cell body does
Nucleus = large with 3 indentations
– Synthesizes GBM components
Once a molecule makes it through the filtration slits of the glomerular basement membrane, where does it go?
Bowman’s space –> proximal tubule
Where are RAAS cells located?
Afferent Arteriole
What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
RAAS cells in the afferent arteriole
Macula densa
Mesangial cells
What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
RAAS cells in the afferent arteriole
Macula Densa
Mesangial cells
