20-1

Question 1

Kidney diseases can be grouped by the component that they affect. What are 4 categories?

Answer 1

1. Glomeruli
2. Tubules
3. Interstitium
4. Blood vessels

Question 2

Generally, kidney diseases that affect the Glomeruli are mediated by what?

Answer 2

Immune mediated

Question 3

Generally, kidney diseases that affect the tubules and interstitium are mediated by what?

Answer 3

Toxins/infectious agents

Question 4

Disorders that affect more than 1 kidney structure eventually lead to chronic kidney disease and when all 4 structures are damaged that is considered _______ kidneys

Answer 4

End-stage kidneys

Question 5

Azotemia

Answer 5

Elevated BUN and Creatinine due to a lowered GFR

Question 6

What causes Pre-Renal Azotemia?

Answer 6

Hypoperfusion of the kidneys

Question 7

What causes Post-Renal Azotemia?

Answer 7

Urine outflow obstruction distal to kidney

Question 8

When Azotemia leads to clinical signs and symptoms that is considered?

Answer 8

Uremia

Question 9

What are some symptoms of Uremia?

Answer 9

Uremic frost
Asterixis
Metallic taste in mouth
Confusion, N/V, etc.

Question 10

Increased BUN and Creatinine due to a lowered GFR

Answer 10

Azotemia

Question 11

What generally causes asymptomatic hematuria/proteinuria?

Answer 11

Abnormalities of the glomerulus

Question 12

AKI involves a lowered GFR and dysregulation of?

Answer 12

(Acute Kidney Injury)

- Lowered GFR with fluid, electrolyte and waste dysregulation

Question 13

What classifies CKD?

Answer 13

(Chronic Kidney Disease)

- GFR less than 60 for at least 3 months

Question 14

What classifies ESRD?

Answer 14

(End Stage Renal Disease)

GFR < 5% of normal

Question 15

How will Renal Tubular Defects present?

Answer 15

Polyuria
Nocturia
Electrolyte disorders

Question 16

What makes up the Glomerular Filtration Barrier?

Answer 16

Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium
Glomerular Basement Membrane
Foot processes of Podocytes (visceral epithelial cell)

Question 17

The Glomerular Filtration Barrier discriminates molecules based on?

Answer 17

Size and Charge

Question 18

Cationic or Anionic molecules will pass the Glomerular Filtration Barrier with small molecules?

Answer 18

Cationic = (+) charged

Question 19

What cells support the glomerulus and lie between capillaries and at the base of the macula densa?

Answer 19

Mesangial cells

Question 20

Visceral epithelial cells known as Podocytes have what that extend off the GBM?

Answer 20

Foot processes

Question 21

What is the space between Podocyte foot processes known as?

Answer 21

Filtration slits

Question 22

What connects the filtration slits of the foot processes?

Answer 22

Filtration slit diaphragm

Question 23

Describe how the nucleus of the podocyte cell body looks and what is a main job that the podocyte cell body does

Answer 23

Nucleus = large with 3 indentations

– Synthesizes GBM components

Question 24

Once a molecule makes it through the filtration slits of the glomerular basement membrane, where does it go?

Answer 24

Bowman’s space –> proximal tubule

Question 25

Where are RAAS cells located?

Answer 25

Afferent Arteriole

Question 26

What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 26

RAAS cells in the afferent arteriole
Macula densa
Mesangial cells

Question 27

What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 27

RAAS cells in the afferent arteriole
Macula Densa
Mesangial cells