Prologue Chapter Module (The Story of Psychology)

Question 1

Empirical Approach

Answer 1

An evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation.

Question 2

Scientific Attitude

Answer 2

Curious, skeptic, and humble.

Question 3

Critical Thinking

Answer 3

Thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions.

Examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Unpredicted interesting findings and disproving predictable myths.

Question 4

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

Answer 4

Established the first psychological laboratory in Germany.

Studied reaction time based on hearing.

Question 5

Structuralism

Answer 5

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener.

Used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

Breaking things down.

Question 6

Functionalism

Answer 6

An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin.

Explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Asking why things are the way they are? What purpose do they carry?

Question 7

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 7

Denied a Phd from Harvard

Studied under James.

First female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

Question 8

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 8

First female psychology PhD.

The Animal Mind

Second female APA president.

Question 9

Behaviourism

Answer 9

Pavlov, Skinner, and Thorndike
Watson + Rayner - Behaviorism and humans (Little Albert)

Dismissed introspection. Observable behaviours should be the focus of psychological study.

1) Should be an objective science

2) Studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Question 10

Freudian (Pyschoanalytic) Psychology

Answer 10

Concerned with the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behaviour.

Sigmund Freud

Question 11

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 11

Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.

Rogers and Maslow.

Focus on needs for love and acceptance, and environments of nurture.

Question 12

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 12

The study of mental processes that occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and problem solve.

Question 13

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 13

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition.

Including perception, thinking, memory, and language.

Question 14

Modern Definitionof Pyschology

Answer 14

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Question 15

Nature-Nurture Issue

Answer 15

Controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviours.

Question 16

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 16

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

Question 17

Behavior Genetics

Answer 17

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

Question 18

Positive Psychology

Answer 18

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting stregnths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Question 19

Biopsychosocial Approach

Answer 19

An integrated approach that incorporates biological psychological, and social-cultural levels of anaylsis.

Question 20

Levels of Analysis

Answer 20

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given .

Question 21

Biological Influence

Answer 21

Genetic predispositions (genetically influence traits)

Genetic Mutations

Natural selection and adaptive traits and behaviors

Genes responding to the environment

Question 22

Psychological Influences

Answer 22

Learned fears and other learned expectations

Emotional Responses

Cognitive Processing and perceptual interpretations

Question 23

Social-Cultural Influences

Answer 23

Presence of others

Cultura, societal, and family expectations

Peer and other group influences

Compelling models (such as in the media)

Question 24

Basic Research

Answer 24

Field in psychology

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Question 25

Applied Research

Answer 25

Field in psychology

A scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

Question 26

Counseling Psychologists

Answer 26

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being.

Question 27

Clinical Psychologists

Answer 27

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

Question 28

Psychiatrist

Answer 28

A branch of medicine dealing iwth psychological disorders.

Practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.

Question 29

Community Psychologists

Answer 29

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

Question 30

Pyschological Hacks to Flourishing

Answer 30

Sleep

Exercise

Longterm goals with daily aims

Growth mindset

Prioritize relationships

Question 31

Testing Effect

Answer 31

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.

Question 32

Studying Tips

Answer 32

Distribute your study time

Learn to think critically

Process information actively

Overlearn

Question 33

Nature-Nurture Plato

Answer 33

Inherit character and intellegence and that certain ideas are inborn.

Question 34

Nature-Nurture Aristotle

Answer 34

All nature.

Nothing in the mind that does not come in from the external world through senses.

Question 35

Nature-Nurture John Locke

Answer 35

All nature.

Mind is a blank slate on which experience writes.

Question 36

Nature-Nurture Descartes

Answer 36

Some nature some nurture

Some ideas are innate

Question 37

Nature-Nurture Today

Answer 37

Nurture works on what nature provides