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Psyc 100A > Chapter 1 Module > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Module Flashcards

1
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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2
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident rather than correct.

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3
Q

Perceiving Order in Random Events

A

Seeing pattern in random sequences.

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4
Q

Post-truth

A

Describing a modern culture where people’s emotions and personal beliefs often override their acceptance of objective facts.

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5
Q

False News

A

Misinformation that is spread intentionally.

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6
Q

Repetition

A

Statements become more believable when they are repeated.

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7
Q

Availability of Powerful Examples

A

Powerful headlines get broadcast more often, things with viivd images that color our judgements.

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Group Identity and the Echo Chamber of the Like-Minded

A

Reading and interacting with news and people that affirm our own views and demonize new sources that do not.

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10
Q

Scientific Method

A

Curiosity, skepticism, humility

Theories lead to hypotheses lead to research that confirms, reflects, or revises theories.

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11
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organize observations and predicts behaviors or events.

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12
Q

Hypotheses

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

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13
Q

Operational Definitions

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedure used in a research study.

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14
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basicv finding can be reproduced.

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15
Q

Exploratory Research

A

Investigators gather data and seek patterns that inspire theories, which can be tested with confirmatory research,

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16
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

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17
Q

Components of a Useful Theory

A

1) Organizes behaviour

2) Implies Predictions

3) Stimulates Further Research

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18
Q

Case Studies

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studies in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

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19
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recoring behaviour in naturally occurring situatiosn without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

20
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questionning a reppresentative, random sample of the group.

21
Q

Wording Effects

A

Small changes in the order or wording of questions make a big difference in the reception and response to the question.

22
Q

Random Sampling

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

23
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studies, from which random samples may be drawn.

24
Q

Correlate

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

25
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things.

From -1.00 to +1.00.

Positive: Two variables are moving in the same direction.

Negative: Two variabls are moving in opposite directions.

26
Q

Variables

A

Anything that can vary and is ffeasible and ethical to measure.

27
Q

Scatterplots

A

Graphed cluster of dots, each representing the values of two variables.

The slope of suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. (+ up, - down)

Amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.

28
Q

Illusory Correlations

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship.

29
Q

Regression Toward the Mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average.

30
Q

Causation

A

The action of causing something.

31
Q

Experiment

A

An investigator manipulates one or mroe factors to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process.

By random assignment of participants, teh experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

32
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group exposesd to one version of the independent variable.

33
Q

Control Group

A

The group not exposed to the treatment.

Contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

34
Q

Randomly Assign

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisiting differences between the different groups.

35
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Both the research participants and the research staff are blind about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment or a placebo.

Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

36
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone.

37
Q

Independent Variable

A

The factor that is manipulated.

The variable whose effect is being studied.

38
Q

Confounding Variables

A

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results.

39
Q

Dependent Variables

A

The outcome that is measured.

The variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

40
Q

Descriptive

A

To observe and record behaviour.

Case studies, natrualistic observations, or surveys.

No control variables, single cases may be misleading.

41
Q

Correlational

A

To detect naturally occurring relatiosnhips; to assess how well one variable predicts another.

Collected data on two or more variables; no manipulation.

Cannot specify cause and effect.

42
Q

Experimental

A

To explore cause and effect.

Manipulate one or more factors; use random assignment.

Sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables.

43
Q

How can simplified lab conditions illuminate everyday life?

A

Through adding to principles, rather than revealing specific findings.

44
Q

PreRegistration

A

Publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses.

45
Q

Informed Consent

A

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

46
Q

Debriefing

A

The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

Psyc 100A (10 decks)

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