Chapter 1 Module Flashcards
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident rather than correct.
Perceiving Order in Random Events
Seeing pattern in random sequences.
Post-truth
Describing a modern culture where people’s emotions and personal beliefs often override their acceptance of objective facts.
False News
Misinformation that is spread intentionally.
Repetition
Statements become more believable when they are repeated.
Availability of Powerful Examples
Powerful headlines get broadcast more often, things with viivd images that color our judgements.
Group Identity and the Echo Chamber of the Like-Minded
Reading and interacting with news and people that affirm our own views and demonize new sources that do not.
Scientific Method
Curiosity, skepticism, humility
Theories lead to hypotheses lead to research that confirms, reflects, or revises theories.
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organize observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Hypotheses
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Operational Definitions
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedure used in a research study.
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basicv finding can be reproduced.
Exploratory Research
Investigators gather data and seek patterns that inspire theories, which can be tested with confirmatory research,
Meta-Analysis
A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.
Components of a Useful Theory
1) Organizes behaviour
2) Implies Predictions
3) Stimulates Further Research
Case Studies
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studies in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Naturalistic Observations
A descriptive technique of observing and recoring behaviour in naturally occurring situatiosn without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Survey
A descriptive technique for obtaining the self reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questionning a reppresentative, random sample of the group.
Wording Effects
Small changes in the order or wording of questions make a big difference in the reception and response to the question.
Random Sampling
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Population
All those in a group being studies, from which random samples may be drawn.
Correlate
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
