Chapter 8 Module (Memory) Flashcards
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
At the heart of humanity.
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.
Ex. Fill in tests
Recognition
Identifying items previously learned.
Ex. MC tests
Relearning
Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.
Ex. Reviewing for studying
Measurements of Memory Retention
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve
As rehearsal increases, relearning time dereases.
He memorized lists of consonances.
Information-Processing Model
Likens human memory to computer operations.
Encode, store, retreive.
Limited by simplicity and hardiness.
Encode
Get information into our brain
Store
Retain that information
Retrieve
Later get the information back out.
Connectionism
Model for memory that accounts for parrallel processing.
Memories are interconnected neural networks. Learning something new changes neural connections (neuroplasticity).
Three-Stage Information-Processing Model
- Record to-be information as sensory memory
- Process information into working/short-term memory
- Finally, information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval.
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-Term Memory
Briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten.
Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system.
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Explicit Memories
Declarative
Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare.
Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency.
Familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.
Implicit Memories
Nondeclarative
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memor of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3/4 seconds.
Effortful Processing Techniques
Chunking
Hierarchies
Mneumonics
Distributed Practice
We retain information better when our encoding is distributed over time.
Spacing effect, Testing effect
