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Psyc 100A > Chapter 3 Module > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Module Flashcards

1
Q

Original Definition of Psychology

A

The description and explanation of states of consciousness.

Moved to behaviorism.

Resumed to include consciousness in the 60s.

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2
Q

Consciousness

A

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Differing states of consciousness exist.

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3
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Used in psychotherapy and in medicine.

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4
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition.

Including perception, thinking, memory, and language.

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5
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Conscious mind can only focus on one thing at a time.

Selectively responding to one stimuli (ex. one voice).

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6
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

Your ability to attend to only one voice within a sea of many as you chat with a party guest.

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7
Q

Impacts of Selective Attention

A

Texting and driving causes accidents.

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8
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Ex. Invisible gorilla

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9
Q

Inattentional Numbness

A

Failing to feel physical sensations while the attention is somewhere else.

Ex. Pickpockets bumping into you.

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10
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in teh environment; a form of inattentional blindness.

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11
Q

Dual Processing

A

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

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12
Q

Blindsight

A

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

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13
Q

Visul Action Track

A

Guides our moment-to-moment movements.

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14
Q

Visual Perception Track

A

Enables us to think about the world and to recognize things and to plan future actions.

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15
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simutlaneously.

Enables the mind to take care of routine business.

Unconscious.

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16
Q

Sequential Processing

A

Processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems.

Conscious.

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17
Q

Sleep

A

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting forom a coma, general anethesia, or hibernation.

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18
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Young adults tend to be night owls and as you age you become a morning lark.

Ex. temperature and wakefulness.

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19
Q

Length of Sleep Stages

A

90 mins approx.

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20
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep / Paradoxical sleep

Sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.

Muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.

Brain waves like teeth, sleep paralysis

10 minutes

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21
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

N1
N2
N3
N2
REM

N3 sleep shortens and REM and N2 sleep lengthen

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22
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in teh absence of an external visual stimulus.

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23
Q

Hypnagogic Sensations

A

Sensation of falling followed by a sudden jerk.

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24
Q

N1 Sleep

A

Hallucinations and hypnogic sensations

Falling asleep.

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25
N2 Sleep
20 minutes Sleep spindles: bursts of brain activity that aid memory processing
26
N3 Sleep
30 minutes Slow-wave (delta) sleep. Hard to awaken; deep sleep.
27
Alpha Waves
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
28
Delta Waves
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
29
Desynchronization
Fatigue, stomach problems, heart disease, and breast cancer. Light disruptions in circadian rhythm.
30
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. Light --> pineal gland to adjust melatonin production to modify feelings of sleepiness
31
Functions of Sleep
1. Sleep protects (evolutionary to keep us inside during darkness) 2. Sleep helps us recuperate (restore immune system, heal infection, repair brain tissue) 3. Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day's experiences (consolidate) 4. Sleep feeds creative thinking. 5. Sleep supports growth
32
Insomnia
Ongoing difficulty falling or staying asleep. Reliance on sleeping pills - reduced REM and tolerance
33
Narcolepsy
Sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness
34
Sleep Apnea
Stopping breathing repeatedly while sleeping.
35
Sleepwalking and Sleeptalking
Doing normal waking activities while asleep. Can occur during any sleep stage. Sleepwalking happens in N3 sleep.
36
Night Terrors
Appearing terrified, talking nonsense, sitting up, or walking around during N3 sleep; different from nightmares. Affects more children than adults. Little memories of a night terror the next day.
37
Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Brain
1. Decreased ability to focus, process, and store memories 2. Increased risk of depression and impaired mood 3. Decreased metabolic rate 4. Increased Cortisol 5. Decreased ability to resist temptation
38
Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Immune System
Decreased production of immune cells Increased risk of viral infections
39
Sleep Deprivation Effects on Fat Cells
Increased production Greater risk of obesity
40
Sleep Deprivation Effects on Joints
Increased inflammation and arthritis
41
Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Heart
Increased risk of high blood pressure
42
Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Stomach
Increased hunger arousing hormone ghrelin Decrease in the humger suppressing hormone, leptin
43
Sleep Deprivation Effects on Muscles
Reduced strength Slower reaction time and motor learning.
44
Dreams
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Most vivid and narrative during REM, also exist in NREM sleep.
45
What do we dream?
More negative than positive. Trauma and dreams Musicians dreams Blind people dreams Media influences dreams Less sex dreams then you would think.
46
Why do we dream?
1. To satisfy our own wishes 2. To file away memories 3. To develop and preserve neural pathways 4. To make sense of neural static 5. To reflect cognitive development
47
Dream Theories
1. Freud's wish-fulfillment 2. Information Processing 3. Physiological Function 4. Activation Synthesis 5. Cognitive Development
48
Manifest Content
Remembered content from dreams.
49
Latent Content
Deeper layer of hidden meaning within dreams sorted out by a therapist.
50
Dream Theories: Freud's Wish-Fulfillment
Expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings. Latent and manifest content.
51
Dream Theories: Information Processing
Dreams help us sosrt out the day's events and consolidate our memories.
52
Dream Theories: Physiological function
Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways.
53
Dream Theories: Activation Synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories.
54
Dream Theories: Cognitive Development
Dream content reflects dreamer's level of cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding. Dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios.
55
Psychoactive Drugs
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens
56
Substance Use Disorder
A disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite signigicant life disruption and/or physical risk. Diminished control, diminished social functioning, hazardous use, drug action
57
Substance/Medication Induced Disorders
When people misuse drugs and alcohol, causing changes that resemble various psychological disorders. Ex. sexual dysfunctions, OCD, depression, pyschosis, etc.
58
Tolerance
Brain chemistry addapts to offset the drug effect. (Opposite affects of the drug) Users require larger and larger doses, risking addiction.
59
Addiction
Increased usage increases cravings, struggles in withdrawing from substance.
60
Behaviour Addictions
Avoid using addiction for excessive behaviours. Can be dysfunctional and cause similar problems
61
Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. Ex. Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates
62
Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal and a drive to continue problematic use.
63
Barbiturates
Drugs taht depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
64
Opiates
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
65
Alcohol
Decreased neural activity Reduced Self-Awareness Expectancy Effects Memory disruption Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions.
66
Stimulant
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Ex. Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and ecstasy
67
Amphetamines
Drugs (like meth) that stimulate neural axtivity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
68
Nicotine
Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being Heart disease, cancer
69
Cocaine
Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash
70
Methamphetamine
Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, hyptertension, seizures
71
Ecstasy/MDMA
Dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning Emotional elevation, disinhibition
72
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
73
Near-death Experience
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death. Often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
74
LSD
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide A powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid. Visual trip Risk of panic
75
Marjuana (THC)
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychollogical disorders.
76
Biological Influences on Consciousness-Altering Drug Use
Genetic predispositions Variations in neurotransmitter systems
77
Psychological Influences on Consciousness-Altering Drug Use
Lacking sense of purpose Significant stress Psychological disorders, such as depression
78
Socio-Cultural Influences on Consciousness-Altering Drug Use
Difficult environment Cultural acceptance of drug use Negative peer influences

Psyc 100A (10 decks)

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