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Psyc 100A > Chapter 3 Module > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Module Flashcards

1
Q

Original Definition of Psychology

A

The description and explanation of states of consciousness.

Moved to behaviorism.

Resumed to include consciousness in the 60s.

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2
Q

Consciousness

A

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Differing states of consciousness exist.

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3
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Used in psychotherapy and in medicine.

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4
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition.

Including perception, thinking, memory, and language.

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5
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Conscious mind can only focus on one thing at a time.

Selectively responding to one stimuli (ex. one voice).

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6
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

Your ability to attend to only one voice within a sea of many as you chat with a party guest.

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7
Q

Impacts of Selective Attention

A

Texting and driving causes accidents.

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8
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Ex. Invisible gorilla

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9
Q

Inattentional Numbness

A

Failing to feel physical sensations while the attention is somewhere else.

Ex. Pickpockets bumping into you.

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10
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in teh environment; a form of inattentional blindness.

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11
Q

Dual Processing

A

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

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12
Q

Blindsight

A

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

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13
Q

Visul Action Track

A

Guides our moment-to-moment movements.

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14
Q

Visual Perception Track

A

Enables us to think about the world and to recognize things and to plan future actions.

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15
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simutlaneously.

Enables the mind to take care of routine business.

Unconscious.

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16
Q

Sequential Processing

A

Processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems.

Conscious.

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17
Q

Sleep

A

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting forom a coma, general anethesia, or hibernation.

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18
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Young adults tend to be night owls and as you age you become a morning lark.

Ex. temperature and wakefulness.

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19
Q

Length of Sleep Stages

A

90 mins approx.

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20
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep / Paradoxical sleep

Sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.

Muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.

Brain waves like teeth, sleep paralysis

10 minutes

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21
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

N1
N2
N3
N2
REM

N3 sleep shortens and REM and N2 sleep lengthen

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22
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in teh absence of an external visual stimulus.

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23
Q

Hypnagogic Sensations

A

Sensation of falling followed by a sudden jerk.

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24
Q

N1 Sleep

A

Hallucinations and hypnogic sensations

Falling asleep.

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25
Q

N2 Sleep

A

20 minutes

Sleep spindles: bursts of brain activity that aid memory processing

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26
Q

N3 Sleep

A

30 minutes

Slow-wave (delta) sleep.

Hard to awaken; deep sleep.

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27
Q

Alpha Waves

A

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

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28
Q

Delta Waves

A

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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29
Q

Desynchronization

A

Fatigue, stomach problems, heart disease, and breast cancer.

Light disruptions in circadian rhythm.

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30
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm.

Light –> pineal gland to adjust melatonin production to modify feelings of sleepiness

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31
Q

Functions of Sleep

A
  1. Sleep protects (evolutionary to keep us inside during darkness)
  2. Sleep helps us recuperate (restore immune system, heal infection, repair brain tissue)
  3. Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day’s experiences (consolidate)
  4. Sleep feeds creative thinking.
  5. Sleep supports growth
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32
Q

Insomnia

A

Ongoing difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Reliance on sleeping pills - reduced REM and tolerance

33
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

34
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Stopping breathing repeatedly while sleeping.

35
Q

Sleepwalking and Sleeptalking

A

Doing normal waking activities while asleep.

Can occur during any sleep stage.

Sleepwalking happens in N3 sleep.

36
Q

Night Terrors

A

Appearing terrified, talking nonsense, sitting up, or walking around during N3 sleep; different from nightmares.

Affects more children than adults.

Little memories of a night terror the next day.

37
Q

Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Brain

A
  1. Decreased ability to focus, process, and store memories
  2. Increased risk of depression and impaired mood
  3. Decreased metabolic rate
  4. Increased Cortisol
  5. Decreased ability to resist temptation
38
Q

Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Immune System

A

Decreased production of immune cells

Increased risk of viral infections

39
Q

Sleep Deprivation Effects on Fat Cells

A

Increased production

Greater risk of obesity

40
Q

Sleep Deprivation Effects on Joints

A

Increased inflammation and arthritis

41
Q

Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Heart

A

Increased risk of high blood pressure

42
Q

Sleep Deprivation Effects on the Stomach

A

Increased hunger arousing hormone ghrelin

Decrease in the humger suppressing hormone, leptin

43
Q

Sleep Deprivation Effects on Muscles

A

Reduced strength

Slower reaction time and motor learning.

44
Q

Dreams

A

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.

Most vivid and narrative during REM, also exist in NREM sleep.

45
Q

What do we dream?

A

More negative than positive.

Trauma and dreams

Musicians dreams

Blind people dreams

Media influences dreams

Less sex dreams then you would think.

46
Q

Why do we dream?

A
  1. To satisfy our own wishes
  2. To file away memories
  3. To develop and preserve neural pathways
  4. To make sense of neural static
  5. To reflect cognitive development
47
Q

Dream Theories

A
  1. Freud’s wish-fulfillment
  2. Information Processing
  3. Physiological Function
  4. Activation Synthesis
  5. Cognitive Development
48
Q

Manifest Content

A

Remembered content from dreams.

49
Q

Latent Content

A

Deeper layer of hidden meaning within dreams sorted out by a therapist.

50
Q

Dream Theories: Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment

A

Expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings.

Latent and manifest content.

51
Q

Dream Theories: Information Processing

A

Dreams help us sosrt out the day’s events and consolidate our memories.

52
Q

Dream Theories: Physiological function

A

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways.

53
Q

Dream Theories: Activation Synthesis

A

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories.

54
Q

Dream Theories: Cognitive Development

A

Dream content reflects dreamer’s level of cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding.

Dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios.

55
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens

56
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite signigicant life disruption and/or physical risk.

Diminished control, diminished social functioning, hazardous use, drug action

57
Q

Substance/Medication Induced Disorders

A

When people misuse drugs and alcohol, causing changes that resemble various psychological disorders.

Ex. sexual dysfunctions, OCD, depression, pyschosis, etc.

58
Q

Tolerance

A

Brain chemistry addapts to offset the drug effect. (Opposite affects of the drug)

Users require larger and larger doses, risking addiction.

59
Q

Addiction

A

Increased usage increases cravings, struggles in withdrawing from substance.

60
Q

Behaviour Addictions

A

Avoid using addiction for excessive behaviours.

Can be dysfunctional and cause similar problems

61
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Ex. Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates

62
Q

Alcohol Use Disorder

A

Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal and a drive to continue problematic use.

63
Q

Barbiturates

A

Drugs taht depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

64
Q

Opiates

A

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

65
Q

Alcohol

A

Decreased neural activity

Reduced Self-Awareness

Expectancy Effects

Memory disruption

Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition

Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions.

66
Q

Stimulant

A

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Ex. Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and ecstasy

67
Q

Amphetamines

A

Drugs (like meth) that stimulate neural axtivity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

68
Q

Nicotine

A

Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being

Heart disease, cancer

69
Q

Cocaine

A

Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy

Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

70
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Euphoria, alertness, energy

Irritability, insomnia, hyptertension, seizures

71
Q

Ecstasy/MDMA

A

Dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning

Emotional elevation, disinhibition

72
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

73
Q

Near-death Experience

A

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death.

Often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

74
Q

LSD

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

A powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid.

Visual trip

Risk of panic

75
Q

Marjuana (THC)

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation

Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychollogical disorders.

76
Q

Biological Influences on Consciousness-Altering Drug Use

A

Genetic predispositions

Variations in neurotransmitter systems

77
Q

Psychological Influences on Consciousness-Altering Drug Use

A

Lacking sense of purpose

Significant stress

Psychological disorders, such as depression

78
Q

Socio-Cultural Influences on Consciousness-Altering Drug Use

A

Difficult environment

Cultural acceptance of drug use

Negative peer influences

Psyc 100A (10 decks)

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