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Psyc 100A > Chapter 2 Module (Biology of the Mind) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Module (Biology of the Mind) Flashcards

1
Q

Phrenology

A

The study that suggests that bumps on the outside of your brain are responsible for brain functions.

Franz Gall

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2
Q

Biological Psychologists

A

Study the link between biological processes and psychological processes.

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3
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

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4
Q

Neurons

A

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

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5
Q

Cell Body

A

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

Fibers receive and integrate information, conducting it toward the cell body.

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7
Q

Axon

A

The segmented neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

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8
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.

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9
Q

Glial Cells

A

Take care of the neurons by feeding and insulating them.

Also play a roled in information transmission and memory.

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10
Q

Action Potential

A

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon.

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11
Q

Reuptake

A

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

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12
Q

3 Functional Types of Neurons

A

Sensory (Afferent) - Input from sense receptors

Motor (Efferent) - Impulses to our muscles & glands

Inter (Association) - Transmit information between the other 2 types

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13
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention & emotion.

Oversupply liked to schizophrenia - undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinsons & ADHD.

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14
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

Undersupply lnked to depression; some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin.

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15
Q

Agonist

A

Molecule that increases neurotransmitter’s action.

Mimics neurotransmitter.

ex. to treat Parkinson’s

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16
Q

Antagonist

A

Molecule that inhibits or blocks neurotransmitter’s action.

Blocks receptor so that neurotransmitter cannot get in.

Ex. To treat schizophrenia

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17
Q

Reuptake Inhibitor

A

Prevents neurotransmitter from being transported back to pre-synaptic neuron.

ex. Selective serotoning inhibitor (SSRI) to treat depression

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18
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Movement disorder characterized by tremors and difficulty initiating movement, caused by loss of neurons that use neurotransmitter dopamine.

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19
Q

L-Dopa

A

Neurons modify L-Dopa to become dopamine.

Consuming more L-Dopa (agonst) can elevate amount n the brain and spur surviving neurons to produce more dopamine.

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20
Q

THC

A

Binds to cannabinoid receptors

Impacts learning, memory, planning, coordination and movement.

Limits both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

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21
Q

CBD

A

Interacts with various neurotransmitter receptors - ex. serotonin

Anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, and anti-psychotic properties.

May reverse negative cognitive impacts related to THC.

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22
Q

Ways to study the brain

A

Brain Damage

Brain Stimulation

Recording brain’s electrical activity (EEG MEG)

Neuroimaging techniques (PET, MRI, fMRI)

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23
Q

Cortical Mapping

A

Research conducted on conscious patients during neurosurgery at Montreal Neurological Institute.

Areas of the body requiring precise control occupy the greatest amount of coritcal space.

24
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Temporarily ‘knocks out part of the brain, like a virtual lesion.

Less invasive procedure used to stimulate brain.

25
Q

EEG

A

Recording of waves of electrical activity across brain’s surface.

26
Q

MEG

A

Measures brain’s isolated magnetic fields to determine how certain tasks influence brain activity.

27
Q

CT Scan

A

X-ray technology. Way more sensitive.

28
Q

PET

A

Allows us to see which part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while brain performs a given task

29
Q

MRI

A

Makes images from signals produced by brain tissue after magnets align the spin of atoms.

30
Q

fMRI

A

Reveals brain activity and function

Compares successive MRI images taken a split second apart and shows changes in level of oxygen in blood flow in the brain.

31
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer grey matter.

Highest level of the brain.

Responsible for the most complex aspects of perception, emotion, movement and thought.

32
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Control opposite sides of the body

Connected by the corpus callosum

Functionally symmetrical in some respects (motor and sensory cortex)

Have specialized ability.

33
Q

Four Cerebral Lobes

A

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

34
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Executive functions - judgement, planning, and inhibition of impulses.

Active in use of working memory and processing of new memories

Involved in speech and skeletal motor functions (broca’s area)

35
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Managing input from multiple senses

Performing spatial and mathematical reasoning

Monitoring sensation of movement.

36
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual Information (visual cortex)

37
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing (auditory cortex), language comprehension (Wernicke’s area).

38
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Back of frontal lobe, next to parietal lobe.

Topographical represenation of the body.

39
Q

Sensory (Somatosensory) Cortex

A

Located at front end of parietal lobe

Topographical representation of th ebody.

40
Q

CTE

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Degenerative brain disease

Associated with repetitive brain trauma

Changes in thinking and memory

Changes in personality and behaviour

Difficulty with balance and motor skills.

41
Q

Sub-Concussive Impacts

A

Shaking of brain but no symptoms; below threshold

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Termperature regulation, feeding, fighting, fleeing, sex, emotional regulation.

43
Q

Limbic System

A

Hippocampys and Amygdala

Emotions such as fear and aggression

Basic drives such as hunger and sex

Formation of episodic memories

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

Creates new memories

Integrates memories into a network of knowledge

Consolidates and sotres memories

Helps us retrieve memories

45
Q

Amygdala

A

Located at tip of each side of the hippocampus

Central role in emotional procedsses

Formation of emotional memroies - attaches significance to events associated with fear, punishment, or reward

46
Q

Hindbrain

A

Lowest and most primitive part of the brain

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord

47
Q

Pons

A

Coordinates automatic and unconscious movements.

48
Q

Midbrain

A

Connects higher and lower portions through sensory and motor neurons.

49
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Heartbeat and breathing.

50
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates reflexive and voluntary movement, especially movement and timing.

51
Q

Thalamus

A

Recieves messages from all senses except smell and sends the messages out to different parts of the brain.

52
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Communicates between cerebral hemisphers

53
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal.

54
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Deliverate movement

Parkinsons: No dopamine to this area, it becomes inaffective.

55
Q

Zombie Brain

A

1) bad at waling : cerebellum

2) always hungry : hypothalamus

3) dumb : frontal lobe

4) zombie rage : amygdala

5) to kill a zombie : brain stem

Psyc 100A (10 decks)

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