Chapter 2 Module (Biology of the Mind)

Question 1

Phrenology

Answer 1

The study that suggests that bumps on the outside of your brain are responsible for brain functions.

Franz Gall

Question 2

Biological Psychologists

Answer 2

Study the link between biological processes and psychological processes.

Question 3

Neuroplasticity

Answer 3

The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

Question 4

Neurons

Answer 4

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

Question 5

Cell Body

Answer 5

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.

Question 6

Dendrite

Answer 6

Fibers receive and integrate information, conducting it toward the cell body.

Question 7

Axon

Answer 7

The segmented neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

Question 8

Myelin Sheath

Answer 8

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.

Question 9

Glial Cells

Answer 9

Take care of the neurons by feeding and insulating them.

Also play a roled in information transmission and memory.

Question 10

Action Potential

Answer 10

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon.

Question 11

Reuptake

Answer 11

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

Question 12

3 Functional Types of Neurons

Answer 12

Sensory (Afferent) - Input from sense receptors

Motor (Efferent) - Impulses to our muscles & glands

Inter (Association) - Transmit information between the other 2 types

Question 13

Dopamine

Answer 13

Influences movement, learning, attention & emotion.

Oversupply liked to schizophrenia - undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinsons & ADHD.

Question 14

Serotonin

Answer 14

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

Undersupply lnked to depression; some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin.

Question 15

Agonist

Answer 15

Molecule that increases neurotransmitter’s action.

Mimics neurotransmitter.

ex. to treat Parkinson’s

Question 16

Antagonist

Answer 16

Molecule that inhibits or blocks neurotransmitter’s action.

Blocks receptor so that neurotransmitter cannot get in.

Ex. To treat schizophrenia

Question 17

Reuptake Inhibitor

Answer 17

Prevents neurotransmitter from being transported back to pre-synaptic neuron.

ex. Selective serotoning inhibitor (SSRI) to treat depression

Question 18

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 18

Movement disorder characterized by tremors and difficulty initiating movement, caused by loss of neurons that use neurotransmitter dopamine.

Question 19

L-Dopa

Answer 19

Neurons modify L-Dopa to become dopamine.

Consuming more L-Dopa (agonst) can elevate amount n the brain and spur surviving neurons to produce more dopamine.

Question 20

THC

Answer 20

Binds to cannabinoid receptors

Impacts learning, memory, planning, coordination and movement.

Limits both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

Question 21

CBD

Answer 21

Interacts with various neurotransmitter receptors - ex. serotonin

Anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, and anti-psychotic properties.

May reverse negative cognitive impacts related to THC.

Question 22

Ways to study the brain

Answer 22

Brain Damage

Brain Stimulation

Recording brain’s electrical activity (EEG MEG)

Neuroimaging techniques (PET, MRI, fMRI)

Question 23

Cortical Mapping

Answer 23

Research conducted on conscious patients during neurosurgery at Montreal Neurological Institute.

Areas of the body requiring precise control occupy the greatest amount of coritcal space.

Question 24

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Answer 24

Temporarily ‘knocks out part of the brain, like a virtual lesion.

Less invasive procedure used to stimulate brain.

Question 25

EEG

Answer 25

Recording of waves of electrical activity across brain's surface.

Question 26

MEG

Answer 26

Measures brain's isolated magnetic fields to determine how certain tasks influence brain activity.

Question 27

CT Scan

Answer 27

X-ray technology. Way more sensitive.

Question 28

PET

Answer 28

Allows us to see which part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while brain performs a given task

Question 29

MRI

Answer 29

Makes images from signals produced by brain tissue after magnets align the spin of atoms.

Question 30

fMRI

Answer 30

Reveals brain activity and function Compares successive MRI images taken a split second apart and shows changes in level of oxygen in blood flow in the brain.

Question 31

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 31

Outer grey matter. Highest level of the brain. Responsible for the most complex aspects of perception, emotion, movement and thought.

Question 32

Cerebral Hemispheres

Answer 32

Control opposite sides of the body Connected by the corpus callosum Functionally symmetrical in some respects (motor and sensory cortex) Have specialized ability.

Question 33

Four Cerebral Lobes

Answer 33

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

Question 34

Frontal Lobe

Answer 34

Executive functions - judgement, planning, and inhibition of impulses. Active in use of working memory and processing of new memories Involved in speech and skeletal motor functions (broca's area)

Question 35

Parietal Lobe

Answer 35

Managing input from multiple senses Performing spatial and mathematical reasoning Monitoring sensation of movement.

Question 36

Occipital Lobe

Answer 36

Visual Information (visual cortex)

Question 37

Temporal Lobe

Answer 37

Hearing (auditory cortex), language comprehension (Wernicke's area).

Question 38

Motor Cortex

Answer 38

Back of frontal lobe, next to parietal lobe. Topographical represenation of the body.

Question 39

Sensory (Somatosensory) Cortex

Answer 39

Located at front end of parietal lobe Topographical representation of th ebody.

Question 40

CTE

Answer 40

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Degenerative brain disease Associated with repetitive brain trauma Changes in thinking and memory Changes in personality and behaviour Difficulty with balance and motor skills.

Question 41

Sub-Concussive Impacts

Answer 41

Shaking of brain but no symptoms; below threshold

Question 42

Hypothalamus

Answer 42

Termperature regulation, feeding, fighting, fleeing, sex, emotional regulation.

Question 43

Limbic System

Answer 43

Hippocampys and Amygdala Emotions such as fear and aggression Basic drives such as hunger and sex Formation of episodic memories

Question 44

Hippocampus

Answer 44

Creates new memories Integrates memories into a network of knowledge Consolidates and sotres memories Helps us retrieve memories

Question 45

Amygdala

Answer 45

Located at tip of each side of the hippocampus Central role in emotional procedsses Formation of emotional memroies - attaches significance to events associated with fear, punishment, or reward

Question 46

Hindbrain

Answer 46

Lowest and most primitive part of the brain Pons Medulla Cerebellum Spinal Cord

Question 47

Pons

Answer 47

Coordinates automatic and unconscious movements.

Question 48

Midbrain

Answer 48

Connects higher and lower portions through sensory and motor neurons.

Question 49

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 49

Heartbeat and breathing.

Question 50

Cerebellum

Answer 50

Coordinates reflexive and voluntary movement, especially movement and timing.

Question 51

Thalamus

Answer 51

Recieves messages from all senses except smell and sends the messages out to different parts of the brain.

Question 52

Corpus Callosum

Answer 52

Communicates between cerebral hemisphers

Question 53

Reticular Formation

Answer 53

Sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal.

Question 54

Basal Ganglia

Answer 54

Deliverate movement Parkinsons: No dopamine to this area, it becomes inaffective.

Question 55

Zombie Brain

Answer 55

1) bad at waling : cerebellum 2) always hungry : hypothalamus 3) dumb : frontal lobe 4) zombie rage : amygdala 5) to kill a zombie : brain stem