Chapter 7 Module (Learning)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring through experiencing new and relatively enduring information or behaviorus.

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Two or more stimuli

First stimuli comes to elicit behaviour in anticipation of the second stimulus.

Question 3

Operant Conditioning

Answer 3

Learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and avoid acts that bring unwanted results.

A response and its consequence

Question 4

Cognitive Learning

Answer 4

Learning new behaviours by observing events and people, and through language.

Also learning things we have neither experienced nor observed.

Question 5

Association

Answer 5

Naturally connects events that occur in sequence.

Feed habitual behaviours (the default modes)

Question 6

Stimulus

Answer 6

Any event or situation that evokes a response.

Question 7

Respondent Behaviour

Answer 7

Behaviour that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

Question 8

Operant Behaviours

Answer 8

Behaviour that operates on the environment, producing a consequence.

Question 9

Behaviourism

Answer 9

The view that psychology

1) should be an objective science that
2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes

Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not with 2.

Question 10

Neutral Stimuli (NS)

Answer 10

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

Question 11

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 11

In classical conditining, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)

ex. drooling

Question 12

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 12

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and autmatically - triggers an unconditioned response (UR).

ex. food

Question 13

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 13

In classical conditioning, a previously unconditinoed response becomes activated in response to the previously neutral stimuli.

ex. drooling to the sound of a bell

Question 14

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 14

In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimuli elicits a previously unconditioned response.

ex. a bell that elicits drooling

Question 15

5 Major Conditioning Processes

Answer 15

(Pavlov)

1) Acquisition
2) extinction
3) Spontaneous recovery
4) Generalization
5) Discrimination

Question 16

Acquisition

Answer 16

In classical conditioning, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditined stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditional response.

In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Question 17

High-Order conditioning

Answer 17

A new NS can become a new CS without the presence of a US.

Question 18

Extinction

Answer 18

Diminished response that occurs when the CS no longer signals an impending US.

Spontaneous recovery suggests that extinction is suppression rather than elimination.

Question 19

Spotaneous Recovery

Answer 19

The reappearance of a (weakened) CR after a pause.

Question 20

Generalization

Answer 20

When the CS does not have to be specific, and similar stimuli can elicit a CR.

Question 21

Discriminization

Answer 21

Distinguishing between the CS and similar stimuli.

Question 22

Law of Effect

Answer 22

Thorndike’s principle that behaviours followed by favorable consequencess become more likely, and that behaviours followed by unfavorable consequences become less ilkely.

Question 23

Operant Chamber

Answer 23

Skinner box.

Question 24

Reinforcement

Answer 24

In operant conditioning, any event that stregnthens the behaviour it follows.

Can be negative (taking away a negative) or positive (giving a reward).

Question 25

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 25

Adding a reward as a consequence of a behaviour that you are trying to teach/enforce.

Question 26

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 26

Taking away a negative stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour that you are trying to teach/enforce.

Question 27

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 27

A reinforcement that is unlearned and satisfies a biological need. Ex. eating when hungry.

Question 28

Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 28

Also known as secondary reinforcers A reinforcement that is learned association with a primary reinforcer. Ex. a light in a skinner box.

Question 29

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 29

Learning applies rapidly. Fast extinction rate as well. Best for mastering somethig.

Question 30

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 30

Learning is slower, but resistance to extinction is higher. Ex. gambling at the slot machines

Question 31

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 31

A brief pause and then continuous response.

Question 32

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 32

Very high rates of responding, more responses is what leads to a reinforcer.

Question 33

Fixed Interval Ratio Schedule

Answer 33

Choppy start, and then high response rates. Rapid response rate hear time of reinforcement.

Question 34

Variable Interval Ration Schedule

Answer 34

Slow and steady responding, very consistent.

Question 35

Punishment

Answer 35

Decreases the behaviour that it follows.

Question 36

Positive Punishment

Answer 36

Doing something bad.

Question 37

Negative Punishment

Answer 37

Taking away something good.

Question 38

5 Drawbacks to Punishment

Answer 38

1) Behaviour is suppressed not forgotten. 2) Does not replace unwanted behaviour. 3) Teaches discrimination among situations. 4) Teaches fear due to generalization. 5) Increases violence by modeling aggression.

Question 39

Behaviour Chain

Answer 39

Series of related behaviours, each of which provides the cue for the next & the last that produces a reinforcer.

Question 40

Biological Influences on Learning

Answer 40

Genetic predispositions Unconditioned responses Adaptive responses Neural Mirroring

Question 41

Psychological Influences on Learning

Answer 41

Previous experiences Predictability of associations Gerneralization Discrimination Expectations

Question 42

Socio-Cultural Influences

Answer 42

Culturally Learned Preferences Motivation, affected by presence of others Modeling

Question 43

Preparedness

Answer 43

A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value. Think Darwin and natural selection.

Question 44

Instinctive Drift

Answer 44

The tendency of learned behaviour to gradually shift back to biologically predisposed patterns

Question 45

Cognitive Map

Answer 45

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Ex. Rats make a mental map of a maze that they were placed in.

Question 46

Latent Learning

Answer 46

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until an incentive is present.

Question 47

Observational Learning

Answer 47

Learning by observing others.

Question 48

Modeling

Answer 48

The process of observing and imitating others. ex. learning a langugae.

Question 49

Mirror Neurons

Answer 49

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we preform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.

Question 50

Prosocial Behaviour

Answer 50

Positive, helpful, or constructive behaviour. Promotes more prosocial behaviour, prosocial effects.

Question 51

Antisocial Behaviour

Answer 51

Behaviours that are negative, aggressive, or violent. Ex. Men who beat their wives typically have fathers who beat their wives aswell.

Question 52

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 52

Internal (Cognitive) forces + external (environmental) forces = influence behaviour

Question 53

Examples of Observational Learning

Answer 53

Modeling can eliminate unwanted behaviours - teaching kids to not be afraid of dogs Filmed models in therapy - shy kids watching videos of social activity being met positively.

Question 54

3 main factors influencing modeling

Answer 54

1) Model (similarity) 2) Observer (self-esteem) 3) Rewards (praise or punishment)

Question 55

Self-Efficacy

Answer 55

Believing you have the skill/capability to perform a behaviour. Strong sense of self-efficacy = believe you can succeed despite obstacles

Question 56

Developing Self-Efficacy

Answer 56

Successful Performance Vicarious experiences of success Internal success images Verbal Persuasion Physiological & emotional arousal