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Psyc 100A > Chapter 9 Module (Thinking and Language) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Module (Thinking and Language) Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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2
Q

Metacognition

A

Cognition about our cognition.

Keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes.

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3
Q

Concept

A

A group of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Gives information with very little cognitive effort.

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4
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image, or bet example of what is in the concept.

The closer something is to the prototype, the faster we recognize it as the concept.

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5
Q

Cognitive Strategies for Problem Solving

A

Trial + Error

Algorithms

Heuristics

Insight

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6
Q

Algorithms

A

Step by step procedures that garuntee a solution.

ex. searching every single aisle at the grocery store

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7
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts, simpler thinking strategies that are less time consuming.

ex. Searching in the produce section at the grocery store.

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8
Q

Insight

A

Abrupt true-seeming and satisfying solution.

Sudden burst in the right temporal lobe.

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9
Q

Cognitive Blocks to Problem Solving

A

Confirmation Bias

Fixation
Mental Set

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10
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Eagerly seeking evidence for our ideas and against others.

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11
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to come to a fresh perspective; getting stuck in one way of thinking.

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12
Q

Mental Set

A

A type of fixation.

Using the mindset of what has worked for us in the past.

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13
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought.

The opposite of explicit, conscious reasoning.

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14
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes.

Leads us to ignore other relevant information.

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15
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

If instances come readily to mind (vividness), we presume such events are common.

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16
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

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17
Q

Belief Perseverence

A

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Mixed evidence will be interpreted as belief proving - motivated reasoning.

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18
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed.

Significantly affects decisions and judgments.

19
Q

Using Intuition

A

1) Recognition born of experience (implicit knowledge)

2) Usually adaptive

3) Widely used

20
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable.

21
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

Single correct answer.

21
Q

5 Components of Creativity (Sternberg)

A

1) Expertise

2) Imaginative thinking skills

3) A venturesome, determined personality

4) Intrinsic motivation

5) A creative environment

6) Develop your expertise

7) Allow time for incubation

8) Set aside time for the mind to roam freely

9) Experience other cultures and ways of thinking

21
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Ability to consider many different options and to think in novel ways.

22
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

22
Q

Phenome

A

Smallest distinctive sound units in a language.

ex. bat has 3 - b - a - t,

ex. that has 3 - th - a - t

23
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest lanuage units that carry meaning.

Ex. words, prefixes, and suffixes

24
Q

Grammar

A

A language’s set of rules that enable people to communicate.

Guide semantics and syntax.

25
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning from sounds.

26
Q

Syntax

A

Ordering of words into sentences.

27
Q

Universal Grammar

A

The beleif that humans have a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules.

We are not born with a built-in specific language or specific set of grammatical rules.

ex. children usually learn nouns first

28
Q

Receptive Language

A

The ablity to understand what is said to and about them.

29
Q

Productive Language

A

The ability to produce words.

30
Q

Stages of Speech Development in Babies

A

1) Babbling - 4 months

2) Babbling resembles houshold language - 10 months

3) One-word stage - 1 year

4) Two-words stage - 2 years (telegraphic speech)

5) Rapid development into complete sentences - 2 years +

31
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

The early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (using mostly nouns and verbs).

Exemplifying syntactical ordering.

ex. go car

32
Q

Critical Period

A

After age 7 - those who have not been exposed to any language lose their ability to master any language.

Learning a new language as an adult - accent of our native langugage and imperfect grammar.

33
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (imparied understanding).

34
Q

Broca’s Area

A

A frontal lobe brain area - usually in the left hemisphere - that helps control language expression by directing the muscle mvoements involved in speech.

Damage - can’t speak, can sing and understand

35
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression.

Damage - can’t understand, can only speak meaningless entences.

36
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Widely believed to be too extreme.

Whorf

Hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

37
Q

Linguistic Relativism

A

The idea that language influences the way we think.

38
Q

Bilingualism Effect on Thought

A

Different senses of self in different languages.

Expression of different emotions and concepts in different languages.

Enhanced social skills by being able to shift to understand another’s perspective.

39
Q

Impose Constraints

A

The tendency to believe there are more constraints then there actually are.

40
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

Impossible for more specific case to be more probable than the more general case.

41
Q

Metaphor

A

Using language from one domain to talk about another (non-literally).

Can be used as a framing tactic.

Psyc 100A (10 decks)

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