Chapter 9 Module (Thinking and Language)

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 2

Metacognition

Answer 2

Cognition about our cognition.

Keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes.

Question 3

Concept

Answer 3

A group of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Gives information with very little cognitive effort.

Question 4

Prototype

Answer 4

A mental image, or bet example of what is in the concept.

The closer something is to the prototype, the faster we recognize it as the concept.

Question 5

Cognitive Strategies for Problem Solving

Answer 5

Trial + Error

Algorithms

Heuristics

Insight

Question 6

Algorithms

Answer 6

Step by step procedures that garuntee a solution.

ex. searching every single aisle at the grocery store

Question 7

Heuristics

Answer 7

Mental shortcuts, simpler thinking strategies that are less time consuming.

ex. Searching in the produce section at the grocery store.

Question 8

Insight

Answer 8

Abrupt true-seeming and satisfying solution.

Sudden burst in the right temporal lobe.

Question 9

Cognitive Blocks to Problem Solving

Answer 9

Confirmation Bias

Fixation
Mental Set

Question 10

Confirmation Bias

Answer 10

Eagerly seeking evidence for our ideas and against others.

Question 11

Fixation

Answer 11

The inability to come to a fresh perspective; getting stuck in one way of thinking.

Question 12

Mental Set

Answer 12

A type of fixation.

Using the mindset of what has worked for us in the past.

Question 13

Intuition

Answer 13

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought.

The opposite of explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 14

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 14

Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes.

Leads us to ignore other relevant information.

Question 15

Availability Heuristic

Answer 15

Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

If instances come readily to mind (vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 16

Overconfidence

Answer 16

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Question 17

Belief Perseverence

Answer 17

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Mixed evidence will be interpreted as belief proving - motivated reasoning.

Question 18

Framing

Answer 18

The way an issue is posed.

Significantly affects decisions and judgments.

Question 19

Using Intuition

Answer 19

1) Recognition born of experience (implicit knowledge)

2) Usually adaptive

3) Widely used

Question 20

Creativity

Answer 20

The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable.

Question 21

Convergent Thinking

Answer 21

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

Single correct answer.

Question 21

5 Components of Creativity (Sternberg)

Answer 21

1) Expertise

2) Imaginative thinking skills

3) A venturesome, determined personality

4) Intrinsic motivation

5) A creative environment

6) Develop your expertise

7) Allow time for incubation

8) Set aside time for the mind to roam freely

9) Experience other cultures and ways of thinking

Question 21

Divergent Thinking

Answer 21

Ability to consider many different options and to think in novel ways.

Question 22

Language

Answer 22

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 22

Phenome

Answer 22

Smallest distinctive sound units in a language. ex. bat has 3 - b - a - t, ex. that has 3 - th - a - t

Question 23

Morphemes

Answer 23

Smallest lanuage units that carry meaning. Ex. words, prefixes, and suffixes

Question 24

Grammar

Answer 24

A language's set of rules that enable people to communicate. Guide semantics and syntax.

Question 25

Semantics

Answer 25

Meaning from sounds.

Question 26

Syntax

Answer 26

Ordering of words into sentences.

Question 27

Universal Grammar

Answer 27

The beleif that humans have a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules. We are not born with a built-in specific language or specific set of grammatical rules. ex. children usually learn nouns first

Question 28

Receptive Language

Answer 28

The ablity to understand what is said to and about them.

Question 29

Productive Language

Answer 29

The ability to produce words.

Question 30

Stages of Speech Development in Babies

Answer 30

1) Babbling - 4 months 2) Babbling resembles houshold language - 10 months 3) One-word stage - 1 year 4) Two-words stage - 2 years (telegraphic speech) 5) Rapid development into complete sentences - 2 years +

Question 31

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 31

The early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (using mostly nouns and verbs). Exemplifying syntactical ordering. ex. go car

Question 32

Critical Period

Answer 32

After age 7 - those who have not been exposed to any language lose their ability to master any language. Learning a new language as an adult - accent of our native langugage and imperfect grammar.

Question 33

Aphasia

Answer 33

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke's area (imparied understanding).

Question 34

Broca's Area

Answer 34

A frontal lobe brain area - usually in the left hemisphere - that helps control language expression by directing the muscle mvoements involved in speech. Damage - can't speak, can sing and understand

Question 35

Wernicke's Area

Answer 35

A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression. Damage - can't understand, can only speak meaningless entences.

Question 36

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 36

Widely believed to be too extreme. Whorf Hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Question 37

Linguistic Relativism

Answer 37

The idea that language influences the way we think.

Question 38

Bilingualism Effect on Thought

Answer 38

Different senses of self in different languages. Expression of different emotions and concepts in different languages. Enhanced social skills by being able to shift to understand another's perspective.

Question 39

Impose Constraints

Answer 39

The tendency to believe there are more constraints then there actually are.

Question 40

Conjunction Fallacy

Answer 40

Impossible for more specific case to be more probable than the more general case.

Question 41

Metaphor

Answer 41

Using language from one domain to talk about another (non-literally). Can be used as a framing tactic.