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MIcrobiology Exam 1 > Prokaryotes: pt. 2 > Flashcards

Prokaryotes: pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the bacterial capsule (what is it made of)?

A

Organized, protective layer made of polysaccharides

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2
Q

What are the functions of bacterial capsules?

A
  • Protects against viruses/ other substances
  • Resists immune cell phagocytosis
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3
Q

What are bacterial slime layers?

A

Unorganized, easily removable protective layer that covers capsule.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the slime layer?

A
  • Protects against environment/antibiotics
  • Adhere to smooth surfaces
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5
Q
  • What are bacterial glycocalyx?
  • Where are they located?
A
  • Polysaccharides that extend from surface of bacterium.
  • Extend from both capsule and slime layers.
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6
Q

What is the main function of glycocalyx?

A

Aid in attachment to solid surfaces.

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7
Q
  • What is the S-layer of bacterium?
  • Where is it located?
A

Regular structured layer that attaches directly to:

Peptidoglycan layer (gram positive)

Lipopolysaccharide layer (gram negative)

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8
Q

What are the functions of the s-layer in bacterium?

A

Protect against ion/pH change,

osmotic pressure,

and other bacteria

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9
Q

Give the names for microbes with:

1) one flagella
2) one flagellum on one end
3) Flagella clusters on one end
4) one flagellum on each end
5) Flagellum cluster on each end

A

1) monothricous
2) Polar
3) Lopothrocous
4) Amphitrichous
5) Amiphilotrichous

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10
Q
  • Flagella movement that moves smoothly through liquid:
  • Peritrichous flagella movement in moist surfaces:
A
  • Swimming
  • Swarming
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11
Q

Bacterial, jerky movement through use of pili on solid surfaces:

Bacterial smooth movement on solid surfaces:

A
  • Twitching
  • Gliding
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12
Q

Bacterial movement by way of chemical attractants and repellants:

A

Chemotaxis

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13
Q

What are the shorter extensions made of protein that aid in motility, attachment, and conjugation known as:

A

Pili

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14
Q

What are the bacterial cell structures that:

  1. contain cell’s chromosomes
  2. contain genomes
  3. circular, separated, DNA
  4. site of protein synthesis
  5. space for nutrients, enzymes, and gas
A
  1. Nucleoid
  2. Chromosome
  3. Plasmid
  4. Ribosomes
  5. Inclusions
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15
Q

What are the dormant cells that are formed within certain bacterial cells known as?

A

Endospores

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16
Q

How do endospores aid bacteria?

A

They are resistant to environmental stress (heat, chemicals)

17
Q

What is significant about Bacillus botulinum?

What class of bacteria is it?

A

Its endospores, when grown in the right conditions, create world’s deadliest neurotoxin.

Gram negative

18
Q

What is significant about Bacillus anthracis?

What class of bacteria are they?

A

Its endospores (when inhaled or injected) cause exotoxin.

Gram Positive

19
Q

Why do archaea shaped in a variety of odd ways (branched or flat)?

A

Increases surface area of the cell.

20
Q

What are the differences between archaea and bacteria cells in:

a) Plasma membrane
b) Cell wall

A

a) Different lipids
b) Cell walls don’t have peptidoglycan

21
Q

What are the cell envelopes of bacterial cells?

A

The plasma membrane and all layers external to it

22
Q

What is different about the cell envelopes of archaea?

A
  1. Capsule and slime layers not present
  2. S-layer is major component
  3. Can be monolayers (not just bilayers)
23
Q
  • How are hydrocarbons attached differently in archaea?
  • How does this help?
A
  • Attached by Ether links

Bacteria are attached by ester links

  • More resistant to chemical attack and heat
24
Q

What are the two major lipid components in archaea?

A

1) Glycerol diether
2) Diglycerol tetraether

25
Q

How do the ribosomes of archaea differ from bacteria?

A

Have more ribosomal proteins

and

antibiotics do not affect archaea

26
Q

How do the nucleoid of archaea differ?

A

All chromosomes are circular double stranded DNA (dsDNA)

Coil their chromosomes around histones and nucelosomes (like eukaryotes)

27
Q
  • How do archaea get around?
  • What is different compared to bacteria?
A
  • Use pilli for attachment
  • Have cannulae, hami, and archaella
28
Q

What are the cannulae of archaea?

A

Hollow, tube structures.

Daughter cells are connected by these.

29
Q

What are the hami of archaea?

A

Tiny hooks that extend from cell.

30
Q

What are the arcahella of archaea?

A

Flagella like structures

31
Q

What are the average sizes of ribosomes for both bacteria and archaea?

A

70s

32
Q

How do the plasmids of archaea and bacteria differ?

A

Bacteria have both circular linear dsDNA

Archaea have only circular

MIcrobiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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