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MIcrobiology Exam 1 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the genome?

What makes up the genome of

1) Bacteria and eukaryotes
2) viruses

A

All genetic material of microorganism

  1. DNA chromosomes and plasmids
  2. DNA or RNA strands
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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Neatly packaged DNA that contains genes

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3
Q

How do chromosomes come packaged in:

  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Bacteria
  3. protozoa/fungi
A
  1. Eukaryotes: Chromosomes in nucleus
  2. Bacteria: Circular chromosomes/plasmids
  3. Protozoa/fungi: Chromosome in nucleus/ plasmids
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4
Q

How do:

  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Bacteria

Package their chromosomes

A
  1. DNA around proteins, in nucleus,
    1. Diploid or Haploid
  2. Circular, single, haploid
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5
Q

What is a gene?

What are the three types?

A

Segment of chromosome that encodes protein or RNA

  1. Genes that encode proteins
  2. genes that encode RNA
  3. Genes that regulate
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6
Q

What is the difference in genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype= Genetic makup

Phenotype= What you see

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7
Q

What are nucleotides?

What do they consist of?

A

Monomers of DNA

  • A phosphate group
  • A pentose sugar
  • a nitrogenous base
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8
Q

How do prokaryote (bacteria) package their genome?

How many origins of replication do they have?

A
  • Single,circular chromosome with multiple plasmids
  • one origin of replication
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9
Q

How do eukaryotes package their genome?

How many origin of replication do they have?

A
  • Multiple linear chromosomes with some plasmids (humans do not have plasmids)
  • Many origin of replication
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10
Q

How do phosphate groups bind to nucleotides?

What elements make it up?

A

They are negatively charged

  • Phosphorus with 4 oxygen atoms
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11
Q

How many phosphate groups do nucleotides typically have?

A

3

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12
Q

What is different about the pentose sugar of:

  • DNA
  • RNA
A
  • DNA: has pentose sugar deoxyribose
    • lacks a hydroxyl group
  • RNA: Has pentose sugar ribose
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13
Q

How do different nitrogenous bases bind together?

A

A binds T via 2 hydrogen bonds

G bind C via three hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

What are they different types of nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine (A)= purine

Thymine (T)= pyrimidine

Guanine (G)= purine

Cytosine (C)= pyrimidine

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15
Q

How do all the parts of nucleotdes bond together?

A

Pentose sugar binds directly to nitrogenous base by glycosidic bonds

Phosphate bonds to pentose sugar by phosphodiester bond

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16
Q

What are:

  • Replication fork
  • Replisome
A
  • Place where DNA helix is unwound and strands are replicated
  • 30 proteins involved in replicating DNA
17
Q

What is transcription?

What is reverse transcription?

A
  • Transcription: Conversion of DNA to RNA
  • Reverse Transcription: conversion of RNA to DNA
18
Q

What is different about RNA?

  • its strands?
  • Its nitrogen bases?
A
  • Single Stranded
  • Uses Uracil instead of thymine (binds to adenine)
19
Q

What are the steps to transcription (bacteria)?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
20
Q

What happens during the initiation of transcription?

A
  1. DNA double helix unwinds, forms transcription bubble
  2. RNA polymerase identifies transcription start site
21
Q

What happens during Elongation phase of transcription?

A
  1. RNA polymerase adds nucleotides (substitute U for T)
  2. RNA polymerase moves along DNA and reforms double helix
22
Q

What happens during the termination phase of transcription?

A

mRNA transcript is released

23
Q

What is Translation replication?

A

RNA is used to synthesize proteins

24
Q

How is mRNA read during translation?

A
  • Read in triplet codons (3 nucleotides at a time)
  • Each codone corresponds to specific amino acids
25
Q

What are synonymous codons?

A

Different codons that specify the same amino acid

26
Q

What components make up all 20 amino acids?

A
  1. Central carbon atom
  2. Carboxyl group (COOH)
  3. Amine group
27
Q

What factor differentiates amino acids?

A

“R” group or sidechain

28
Q

What links amino acids together and how?

A

Peptide bonds link amino acids between the amine group of one and the carboxyl group of the other

29
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

MIcrobiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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