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MIcrobiology Exam 1 > MIcrobes and Growth > Flashcards

MIcrobes and Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Process where nutrients are acquired from the environment for metabolism and growth.

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

What are the nutrients that:

  • Required in very large amounts
  • Required in small quanitities for growth/reproduction
A
  • Macronutrients
  • Micronutrients
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3
Q

Explain the steps to Binary Fission (five steps):

A
  1. Cell elongates
  2. New matieral synthesized
  3. Chromosome replicated
  4. Septum forms
  5. Cell divided into two progeny​
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4
Q

What are the three phases of binary fission?

A
  1. Period of growth
  2. Chromosome replication (partioning)
  3. Cytokinesis
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5
Q

Name these terms involved in chromosome replication:

  1. site where replication starts
  2. DNA replication machinery
  3. site where replication ends
A
  1. Origin of replication
  2. Replisome
  3. Terminus
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6
Q

Name these terms involved in Cytokinesis:

  1. Cytoskeletal proteins
  2. All proteins involved in cell division
  3. Formation of cross wall between two daughter cells
A
  1. Z ring
  2. Divisome
  3. Septation
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7
Q

Time needed for complete fission cycle:

A

Generation time

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8
Q

After each fission cycle, how much do bacteria replicate by?

A

By a factor of 2

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9
Q

What does a growth curve do?

What are its 4 phases?

A

Plots number of microorganisms in population over time

  1. Lag phase
  2. Log Phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
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10
Q

What is the:

  • Lag phase
  • Log phase

of the growth curve?

A
  • Cells adjust to environment (not reproducing)
  • Exponential growth (continues as long as nutrients available)
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11
Q

What is the:

  • Stationary phase
  • Death phase

of growth curve?

A
  • Survival phase (replication=death rate)
  • Nutrients depleted, cells die
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12
Q

What is a viable plate count (measurement of growth)?

A

A direct method that counts the number of colony forming units from media

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13
Q

What are microscopic counts (measurement of growth)?

A

A direct method of measurement where a small amount is added to a microscope with a grid

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14
Q

What are electron counters (measurement of growth)?

A

A direct method that measure culture as it passes through a detector

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15
Q

What is metabolic activity (measurement of growth)?

A

indirect method that determines the proportion of nutrients and waste production to number of microbes.

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16
Q

What is dry weight (measurement of growth)?

A

indirect method where bacteria is filtered from media, dried, and weighed

17
Q

What is turbidity (measurement of growth)?

A

indirect method that determines how clody a tube of media becomes

more cloudy=more microbes

18
Q

Explain these terms that related to Oxygen requirements:

  1. Obligate aerobe
  2. Obligate (strict) anaerobe
A
  1. Grow only in the presence of oxygen
  2. Die in the presence of oxygen
19
Q

Explain these terms that have to do with oxygen requirements:

  1. Facultative anaerobe
  2. Aerotolerant anaerobe
A
  1. Do not require oxygen, but grow better with it
  2. Grow equally well with or without oxygen
20
Q

What are microaerophiles (oxygen requirement)?

A

Require low oxygen (damaged by normal amounts

21
Q

Explain these terms (environmental factors):

  1. halophile
  2. Osmophile
A
  1. Require high levels of sodium chloride to grow
  2. Require high levels of sugar to grow
22
Q

Explain these terms (environmental factors)

  1. Osmotolerant
  2. Xerophile
A
  1. Grow optimally at high water activity
  2. Grow optimally at low water activity
23
Q

Name these terms (Environmental factors):

  1. Optimal growth at 15ºC or lower
  2. Optimal growth between 20-30°C
A
  1. Psychrophile
  2. Psychrotolerant
24
Q

Name these terms (environmental factors):

  1. optimal growth between 20-45°C
  2. optimal growth at 55°C or higher
  3. optimal growth between 85-120°C
A
  1. Mesophile
  2. Thermophile
  3. Hyperthermophile
25
Q

Name these environmental factors:

  1. Optimal growth between pH 0-5.5
  2. Optimal growth between pH 5.5-8
  3. optimal growth between pH 8-11.5
A
  1. Acidophile
  2. Neutrophile
  3. Alkaphile
26
Q

Name these environmental factors:

  1. increased pressure adversely affects them, but not completely
  2. •maximal growth is at higher pressure (> 1 atm)
A
  1. Barotolerant
  2. Barophilic
27
Q

Name these environmental factors (radiation)

  1. Very short wavelengths and high energy results in mutation
A

Ionizing radiation

28
Q

Name this environmental factor (radiaition)

Short wavelength and high energy. Results in DNA damage

A

UV radiation

29
Q

Name this environmental factor (radiation)

Photosensitizer absorb lights, transfers energy to O2 to become singlet O2

  • How do microorganisms counter this effect?
A

Visible light

  • Carotenoids
30
Q

What are biofilms?

How do they form?

A

Complex, slime-encased community of microbes

Form on any substrate through Extracellular Polymeric Substances

31
Q

What purpose do biofilms serve?

A
  1. More resistant to antimicrobials
  2. Serve as reservoir for infection
32
Q

What do microbes use to communicate in Biofilms?

A

Molecule called:

Quorum sensing

MIcrobiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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