Eukaryotes pt. 2 Flashcards
Where can you locate eukaryote ribosomes?
A. Freely in cytoplasm
B. attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum
C. within the mitochondria
What makes up eukaryote ribosomes and are they similar to bacterial ribosomes?
A. They are made of RNA and proteins; made of small and large subunit
B. No, this is good due to ABX**?
What is the function of the ribosome?
Site of protein synthesis
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Anchors organelles, moves vesicles, shape, movement
What are the 3 types of cytoskeletons?
- Actin Filaments
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
What are the properties of actin filaments?
basically the cell membrane; used for movement, thin layer, semi-flexible
What are the types of micro-tubules?
Spindle fibers, cilia, flagella; they’re stiff, rod-like
What is the function of the intermediate filaments?
Structural support of the nuclear envelope
What are the 3 eukaryote microorganisms?
- Fungi
- protists
- helminths
Name the 2 groups of fungi.
- Macroscopic, i.e. Mushrooms(multicellular)
2. Microscopic, i.e. molds(typically unicellular)
What are the different types of microscopic fungi?
A. Yeast morphology = oval shaped, asexual reproduction
B. Hyphae morphology= threadlike shape
C. Dimorphic morphology= transform from yeast to hyphae and back
What are mycoses?
diseases caused by fungus
How do fungi obtain energy?
All are heterotrophic; need organic compounds for carbon and energy
There are some fungi that are saprobes, what does that mean?
They decompose remains from dead plants and animals
There are some fungi that are parasites, what does that mean?
Lives in/on a host to get nutrition
How do fungi decompose substances?
they secrete enzymes that can break down all sorts of substances (feathers, hair, cellulose, petroleum, wood, rubber, etc.)
What are Vegetative hyphae?
They are surfaced and submerged filaments; digest, absorb, distribute nutrients from substrate (think moldy bread)
What is the function of repoductive hyphae?
It produces spores
What do spores do?
They settle on substrate to make germ tubes
*germ tubes becomes hyphae
What makes up one fungal colony?
5000 Hyphae which equals 2000 spores/hyphae
What is the primary mode of reproduction for fungi?
Spore formation
What are the types of asexual spore formation
- Asexual spore formation
a. Sporangiospores
b. Conidiospores
What is Asexual spore formation?
mitosis of a single parent cell
What is sporangiospores?
Sac-like structure called sporangium ruptures, releasing spores
What is conidiospores?
Free spores, not enclosed by a sac. Form by pinching off or segmentation
What happens during sexual spore formation?
Fusing 2 parent nuclei then meiosis
-Usually for fungi of different genetic makeup combine
How many different fungi cause disease?
300; The CDC monitors 3 different types of fungal disease
What are the 3 main fungal diseases that the CDC monitors?
What symptoms do they cause?
- Community acquired (natural environment)
- Hospital-acquired (clinical environments)
- Opportunistic pathogens (weakened patient)
- Allergies, skin infections, lung infections
- Fungus ball (aspergillus)
Why do I care about fungi?
- They make antimicrobials
- Saccharomyces (wine, beer, bread)
- Decompose material to enrich soil
- Helps plants roots, but also contributes to 40% of yearly crop destruction
- Used in foods- blue cheese, pizza toppings, soy sauce, etc.
- 80 species normally inhabits your body with no ill effect
Why are fungal infections so difficult to treat?
They have harsh side effects because the human body is like a huge eukaryote cell. We are compatible to fungus.
What are the different types of protists?
A. Algae
B. Protozoa
C. Helminths
What is algae?
How are the cells composed?
- photosynthetic organisms
- Can be unicellular/colonial/filamentous
Give a brief description of Protozoa.
Mostly single cells, have all the eukaryotic organelles
- Heterotrophic and can be free-living or parasitic
- *Two layers of cytoplasm
What are the protozoa layers of cytoplasm
- Ectoplasm- clear outer layer for movement feeding and protection
- Endoplasm- granular inner layer: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole
Do protozoa have a cell wall?
No
How do protozoa move?
Flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
What is the protozoa life cycle?
It changes from the active feeding stage, trophozoite, to the resting stage called cyst.
What are helminths and do you need a microscope to see them?
A. Tapeworms, flukes, roundworms
B. Yes, they’re 25m-1mm, they still infect humans
How do helminths acquire a host?
They are found in contaminated food, soil, water, animals
How do helminths infect humans?
They are either ingested or they penetrate the skinq
What are the 2 body classifications of helminths?
Flatworms-thin, segmented body
Roundworms-long, cylindrical, unsegmented
**both have digestive, nervous, muscular, reproductive, and excretory systems
What are the two types of flatworms?
Cestodes-tapeworm; long ribbon
Trematodes-flukes; flat oval bodies
What is the life cycle like for helminths?
Fertilized egg–>larva–>adult stages
Reproduce sexually in the host body
How do the different types of Helminths sexually reproduce?
Nematodes- Separate sexes
Trematodes- separate sexes or hermaphroditic (produces both male and female gametes)
Cestodes- Hermaphroditic
What is the concept of hygiene hypothesis?
Because of lack of exposure, allergies and autoimmune disorders are more common
What are examples of microscopic and macroscopic algae
-microscopic = diatoms or macroscopic members= seaweed and kelp
How can algae be harmful to humans
Does not cause disease
-We consume algae when we eat aquatic life which can cause neurological, skin, and gastrointestinal problems
