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MIcrobiology Exam 1 > Eukaryotes pt. 2 > Flashcards

Eukaryotes pt. 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where can you locate eukaryote ribosomes?

A

A. Freely in cytoplasm
B. attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum
C. within the mitochondria

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2
Q

What makes up eukaryote ribosomes and are they similar to bacterial ribosomes?

A

A. They are made of RNA and proteins; made of small and large subunit
B. No, this is good due to ABX**?

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3
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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4
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Anchors organelles, moves vesicles, shape, movement

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeletons?

A
  1. Actin Filaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
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6
Q

What are the properties of actin filaments?

A

basically the cell membrane; used for movement, thin layer, semi-flexible

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7
Q

What are the types of micro-tubules?

A

Spindle fibers, cilia, flagella; they’re stiff, rod-like

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8
Q

What is the function of the intermediate filaments?

A

Structural support of the nuclear envelope

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9
Q

What are the 3 eukaryote microorganisms?

A
  1. Fungi
  2. protists
  3. helminths
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10
Q

Name the 2 groups of fungi.

A
  1. Macroscopic, i.e. Mushrooms(multicellular)

2. Microscopic, i.e. molds(typically unicellular)

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11
Q

What are the different types of microscopic fungi?

A

A. Yeast morphology = oval shaped, asexual reproduction
B. Hyphae morphology= threadlike shape
C. Dimorphic morphology= transform from yeast to hyphae and back

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12
Q

What are mycoses?

A

diseases caused by fungus

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13
Q

How do fungi obtain energy?

A

All are heterotrophic; need organic compounds for carbon and energy

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14
Q

There are some fungi that are saprobes, what does that mean?

A

They decompose remains from dead plants and animals

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15
Q

There are some fungi that are parasites, what does that mean?

A

Lives in/on a host to get nutrition

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16
Q

How do fungi decompose substances?

A

they secrete enzymes that can break down all sorts of substances (feathers, hair, cellulose, petroleum, wood, rubber, etc.)

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17
Q

What are Vegetative hyphae?

A

They are surfaced and submerged filaments; digest, absorb, distribute nutrients from substrate (think moldy bread)

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18
Q

What is the function of repoductive hyphae?

A

It produces spores

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19
Q

What do spores do?

A

They settle on substrate to make germ tubes

*germ tubes becomes hyphae

20
Q

What makes up one fungal colony?

A

5000 Hyphae which equals 2000 spores/hyphae

21
Q

What is the primary mode of reproduction for fungi?

A

Spore formation

22
Q

What are the types of asexual spore formation

A
  1. Asexual spore formation
    a. Sporangiospores
    b. Conidiospores
23
Q

What is Asexual spore formation?

A

mitosis of a single parent cell

24
Q

What is sporangiospores?

A

Sac-like structure called sporangium ruptures, releasing spores

25
Q

What is conidiospores?

A

Free spores, not enclosed by a sac. Form by pinching off or segmentation

26
Q

What happens during sexual spore formation?

A

Fusing 2 parent nuclei then meiosis

-Usually for fungi of different genetic makeup combine

27
Q

How many different fungi cause disease?

A

300; The CDC monitors 3 different types of fungal disease

28
Q

What are the 3 main fungal diseases that the CDC monitors?

What symptoms do they cause?

A
  • Community acquired (natural environment)
  • Hospital-acquired (clinical environments)
  • Opportunistic pathogens (weakened patient)
  • Allergies, skin infections, lung infections
  • Fungus ball (aspergillus)
29
Q

Why do I care about fungi?

A
  • They make antimicrobials
  • Saccharomyces (wine, beer, bread)
  • Decompose material to enrich soil
  • Helps plants roots, but also contributes to 40% of yearly crop destruction
  • Used in foods- blue cheese, pizza toppings, soy sauce, etc.
  • 80 species normally inhabits your body with no ill effect
30
Q

Why are fungal infections so difficult to treat?

A

They have harsh side effects because the human body is like a huge eukaryote cell. We are compatible to fungus.

31
Q

What are the different types of protists?

A

A. Algae
B. Protozoa
C. Helminths

32
Q

What is algae?

How are the cells composed?

A
  • photosynthetic organisms

- Can be unicellular/colonial/filamentous

33
Q

Give a brief description of Protozoa.

A

Mostly single cells, have all the eukaryotic organelles

  • Heterotrophic and can be free-living or parasitic
  • *Two layers of cytoplasm
34
Q

What are the protozoa layers of cytoplasm

A
  1. Ectoplasm- clear outer layer for movement feeding and protection
  2. Endoplasm- granular inner layer: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole
35
Q

Do protozoa have a cell wall?

A

No

36
Q

How do protozoa move?

A

Flagella, cilia, or pseudopods

37
Q

What is the protozoa life cycle?

A

It changes from the active feeding stage, trophozoite, to the resting stage called cyst.

38
Q

What are helminths and do you need a microscope to see them?

A

A. Tapeworms, flukes, roundworms

B. Yes, they’re 25m-1mm, they still infect humans

39
Q

How do helminths acquire a host?

A

They are found in contaminated food, soil, water, animals

40
Q

How do helminths infect humans?

A

They are either ingested or they penetrate the skinq

41
Q

What are the 2 body classifications of helminths?

A

Flatworms-thin, segmented body
Roundworms-long, cylindrical, unsegmented

**both have digestive, nervous, muscular, reproductive, and excretory systems

42
Q

What are the two types of flatworms?

A

Cestodes-tapeworm; long ribbon

Trematodes-flukes; flat oval bodies

43
Q

What is the life cycle like for helminths?

A

Fertilized egg–>larva–>adult stages

Reproduce sexually in the host body

44
Q

How do the different types of Helminths sexually reproduce?

A

Nematodes- Separate sexes
Trematodes- separate sexes or hermaphroditic (produces both male and female gametes)
Cestodes- Hermaphroditic

45
Q

What is the concept of hygiene hypothesis?

A

Because of lack of exposure, allergies and autoimmune disorders are more common

46
Q

What are examples of microscopic and macroscopic algae

A

-microscopic = diatoms or macroscopic members= seaweed and kelp

47
Q

How can algae be harmful to humans

A

Does not cause disease

-We consume algae when we eat aquatic life which can cause neurological, skin, and gastrointestinal problems

MIcrobiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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