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MIcrobiology Exam 1 > Genetics pt. 2 > Flashcards

Genetics pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What suppresses and reverses incorrect folding of proteins?

A

Molecular chaperones

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2
Q

What is the importance of protein folding?

A

Must be correctly folded, as protein function is determined by 3D shape

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3
Q

What are the 4 structures of protein folding?

A
  1. Primary
    1. Linear sequence of amino acids
  2. Secondary
    1. Hydrogen bonding of peptide
  3. Tertiary
    1. 3D folding due to R group
  4. Quarternary
    1. 2+ amino acids bond
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4
Q

What are genetic mutations?

A

Change in nucleotide sequence of gene

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5
Q

Define these terms that have to do with mutations:

  1. Wild-type
  2. Mutant
A
  1. Natural unchanged gene sequence
  2. Mutated gene sequence
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6
Q

What causes spontaneous mutations?

A

Errors in DNA replication when nucelotide shift to different isoform.

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7
Q

What are the 2 mutation forms that can result from spontaneous mutations?

A
  1. Transition
    1. Puring to purine/ pyrimidine to pyrimidine
  2. Transversion
    1. Puring to pyrimidine/ pyrimidine to purine
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8
Q

What causes induced mutations?

A

Being exposed to mutagen (chemical or physical agent)

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9
Q

What are the chemical agents that can cause induced mutations?

A
  1. Base analogs
    1. Structurally similar to normal base
  2. DNA modidying agents
    1. Chang base’s structure/pairing
  3. Intercalating agents
    1. cause single nucleotide insertion/deletion
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10
Q

What are the physical agents that can cause induced mutations?

A
  1. UV light
    1. Causes pyrimidine dimers to form
  2. xrays
    1. Cause nicks, breaks, deletions
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11
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Involve change in a single nucleotide base of gene.

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12
Q

What are the types of point mutations?

A
  1. Addition
    1. nucleotide inserted into normal sequence
  2. Deletion
    1. Nucleotide is removed
  3. Substitution
    1. Nucleotide is replaced
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13
Q

What are silent mutations?

What causes them?

A

Point mutations that occur but do not change the amino acid from codon.

Synonymous codons

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14
Q

What are nonsense mutations?

What do they cause?

A

Point mutation that causes normal amino acid to become a stop codon.

Cause protein to be not functional

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15
Q

What are missense mutations?

What causes them?

A

A point mutation that causes normal amino acid to be changed to completely different amino acid.

Non-synonymous codons

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16
Q

What are framshift mutations?

What causes them?

A

Point mutation that causes the codon triplet to move from normal reading frame.

Caused by insertion or deletion

17
Q

What are proofreading repairs (mutations)?

A

First line of defense:

DNA polymerase uses exonucleus to remove error by synthesis errors (not induced mutations)

18
Q

What is mismatch repair (mutation)?

A

For when proofreading fails:

Endonuclease removes the error, fillls in correctly

19
Q

What are excision repairs? (mutation)

A

Correction of damage that causes distortion in DNA double helix

(endonuclease cuts out)

20
Q

What are the types of excision repairs?

How are they different?

A
  1. Nucleotide excision
    1. Repair for thymine dimers
  2. Base excision
    1. Repair for unnatural bases
21
Q

What are vertical gene transfers?

What types of organisms use this?

Give an example

A

Transfer of genes from parent to progeny

All organisms

Meiosis

22
Q

What are horizontal transfer of genetics?

What organisms use this?

A

Donor DNA from one organism enters a recipient cell

Bacteria and Archaea

23
Q

What is conjugation (horizontal transfer)?

What two methods do bacteria use?

A

Transfer of DNA plasmid by direct cell-to-cell contact

  1. Sex pilus
  2. Type IV (secretion)
24
Q

What is transformation (horizontal transfer of genetics)?

What are the steps it occurs?

A

Uptake of plasmid/fragment DNA by cell from environment

  1. Donor cell lyses (releases DNA)
  2. dsDNA taken by competent cell
  3. Becomes ssRNA
  4. Integrated or preserved
25
Q

What is virus mediated/transduction (horizontal transfer)?

A

Transfer of genes between bacteria by virus

Can either lyse cell and infect more, or become integrated in genome

MIcrobiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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