Metabolism pt. 2 Flashcards
What happens in the oxidation and reduction process?
What happens to the energy of the donor/acceptor?
the oxidized donor gives e- to reduced agent acceptor
-Donor becomes less energy rich, acceptor becomes more rich (increases with each electron)
What makes up ATP?
A nitrogen base: Adenine
A 5-C sugar: Ribose
Three phosphate groups
** ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate
What is catabolism?
The first step of the use of energy.
-The processing of nutrients (usually glucose)
What are the three Catabolism pathways?
A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic
C. Fermentation
What organisms use Aerobic respiration?
Mainly used by heterotrophic aerobic and facultative anaerobes (Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals)
What are the steps of Aerobic respiration?
- Glycolysis
- Kreb Cycle
- Electron transport chain
What does Aerobic respiration need to make ATP?
What does it make?
What does it use as its reducing agent?
Oxygen and glucose; makes CO2 and ATP
**Needs oxygen as the final acceptor for electrons
What organisms use Anaerobic respiration?
Mainly used by anaerobic heterotrophic microorganisms
Bacteria, Archaea
What are the steps of anaerobic respiration?
The same as Aerobic
- Glycolysis
- Kreb Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
What does anaerobic respiration need to make ATP
What does it use as its reducing agent?
Oxidized compounds and Glucose; makes CO2 and energy
** oxidized compounds are the electron acceptor
What organisms use Fermentation?
Mainly used by facultative and aerotolerant anaerobic microorganisms (Bacteria, Eukaryotes like yeasts and your muscles)
What are the steps to Fermentation?
- Glycolysis
2. Fermentation
What is the first step for almost all organisms?
Glycolysis
What does fermentation need to make ATP
What does it use as its reducing agent?
Glucose and organic compounds; It makes CO2, ATP, acids, and alcohol
-Organic compounds are the electron acceptor
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
In the cytoplasm (in prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
During glycolysis, the process needs __ ATP molecules to produce _____, _____, & ______
Needs 2 ATP molecules to produce:
4 ATP which stay in the cytoplasm for cell use
2 NADH which goes to ETC
2 pyruvic acid which goes to mitochondrial matrix
Where does the Kreb cycle occur?
In the cytoplasm of bacteria
In the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes
What happens during the Kreb cycle?
Pyruvic acid transfers electrons to NADH and becomes Acetyl CoA
What is the product of the Kreb cycle and why can it do 2 full cycles?
Because there is 2 pyruvic acid molecules, the cycle can run twice to create:
- 8 NADH which goes to ETC
- 2 FADH2 which also goes to ETC
- 2 ATP
Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) take place?
In cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria
in inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
What happens in the ETC?
Redox carriers (proteins) get electrons from reduced carriers (NADH); those electrons move down a series of molecules
What is consumed in the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen(aerobic) or Oxygen species (anaerobic),
How much ATP is produced in the ETC?
Depends on the final electron carrier
What is the overall amount of ATP generated from Aerobic respiration?
4 made from glycolysis 2 made from Kreb cycle 34 made from ETC -2 used in Glycolysis 38 net ATP*
How much CO2 was made?
How much O2 was used?
How much H20 was made from aerobic respiration?
6 CO2 from Kreb
6 O2 used in ETC
6 net H20
Why is Aerobic respiration more efficient at producing ATP over anaerobic?
bc oxygen is a great electron acceptor; oxygen containing species are less effective
Whats the difference between anaerobic respiration when compared to aerobic respiration?
What are the compounds used?
Uses oxygen containing species as the final electron acceptor in the ETC (Nitrate NO3- and Nitrite NO2-)
What is the final product of fermentation?
Incomplete oxidation of glucose in the absense of oxygen
- Only produces ATP from Glycolysis, so speeds up very fast to compensate
- Poduces acids and alcohols
What are the 3 pathways of fermentation and how do they use pyruvic acid?
- Alcoholic= pyruvic acid converts to ethanol, CO2, NAD
- Acidic= convert pyruvic acid to Lactic acid
- Mixed acid= pyruvic becomes Acetic, Lactic, succinic, and formic acids
What is anabolism?
Small molecule (monomers) are made into larger molecules (Polymers) -consumes energy (endergonic reaction)
What are precursor metabolites?
carbon skeletons that can be made into many different monomers
