Chemistry for Micro

Question 1

What are isotopes?

Answer 1

Same element with differing numbers of neutrons.

Question 2

• What are single bonds?
• What are double bonds?

Answer 2

• Covalent bonds in which 1 electron is shared
• Covalent bonds in which two electrons are shared

Question 3

Name types of bonds from strongest to weakest:

Answer 3

1) Covalent bonds
2) Ionic bonds
3) Hydrogen bonds

Question 4

What is ionization?

Answer 4

Charged particles produced when dissolved in aqueous solution.

Question 5

• How are most organic comounds bonded?
• How do they typically react in water?

Answer 5

• Covalently.
• Not soluble.

Question 6

• How are inorganic compounds typically bonded?
• How do they typically react in water?

Answer 6

• Ionic bonds
• Soluble

Question 7

• What are functional groups?
• What are they used for?

Answer 7

• Groups of common molecules found in organic compounds.
• To define compound and show how it reacts

Question 8

What are macromolecules?

Answer 8

Biochemical compounds made of monomers into polymers.

Question 9

What are carbohydrates and the bonds that bind them?

Answer 9

Macromolecule made of monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds.

Question 10

What are glycosidic bonds?

How are they formed?

Answer 10

Bonds that link sugar to other molecules.

Through dehydration synthesis

Question 11

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

Answer 11

Monomer= monosaccharides

Polymer= Disaccharide and polysaccharides

Question 12

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 12

Provide structure support and energy.

Question 13

Give an example of how carbohydrates provide structure:

Answer 13

Cellulose found in cell walls of plants and algae

Question 14

What is are the carbohydrates found in cell walls of most bacteria?

What is the other important molecule found in some bacteria?

Answer 14

• Peptidoglycan
• Lipopolysaccharide

Question 15

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 15

Storage of energy and membrane structure.

Question 16

What are the four types of lipids?

Answer 16

1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
4. Waxes

Question 17

What are triglycerides?

Answer 17

Lipids used for storage of energy.

Made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Question 18

What are:

a) saturated lipids
b) unsaturated lipids

Answer 18

a) Lipids whose carbons all have single bonds
b) Lipids with at least one carbon that has a double bond

Question 19

What are phospholipids?

Answer 19

Lipids made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

Question 20

What makes phospholipids perfect for membrane structure.

Answer 20

They are amphipathic

• The head is hydrophilic while the tail is hydrophobic

Question 21

What are proteins?

What are their functions?

Answer 21

Macromolecule made of amino acids that provide storage of energy, signaling, and enzymes.

Question 22

How are proteins bonded together?

Answer 22

Through covalent peptide bonds;

Question 23

What three things comprise the structure of amino acids?

Answer 23

1. An amine group
2. A carboxyl group
3. A subgroup called R-groups

Question 24

• What are nucleic acids?
• What are the monomers that comprise them?

Answer 24

• Macromolecules that include DNA and RNA.
• Nucleotides

Question 25

How do lipids bond together?

Answer 25

Through ester bonds

Question 26

How do nucleic acids bond together?

Answer 26

Through phosphodiester bonds.