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MIcrobiology Exam 1 > Prokaryotes: Bacteria 09/04/18 > Flashcards

Prokaryotes: Bacteria 09/04/18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

What are the two main differences between Bacteria and Archaea?

A
  1. How they package their DNA

2. How they contain their internal structures

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3
Q

What are the two most common forms of bacteria?

A
  1. Coccus (sphere shape)

2. Bacillus (rod shape)

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4
Q

What are the less common forms of bacteria?

A
  1. Coccobacillus
  2. vibrio
  3. spiralla
  4. spirochete
  5. pleomorphic
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5
Q

What are the terms for a coccus pair? A chain? A cluster?

A

Pair- diplo
chain- strep
cluster- staph

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6
Q

What are the terms for a bacillus pair? A chain? A cluster?

A

Pair- diplo
Chain- Strep
Cluster- Palisades

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7
Q

What are the layers of the bacterial cell envelope?

A
  1. capsule or slime layer (outermost)
  2. Cell wall (middle)
  3. Plasma membrane (innermost)
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8
Q

What are the types of proteins found in the plasma membrane (Cell envelope)?

A
  1. Integral proteins

2. peripheral proteins

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9
Q

Give a brief description on integral proteins.

A

embedded in membrane, insoluble

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10
Q

Give a brief description on peripheral proteins.

A

Loosely connected to membrane, soluble

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11
Q

What are the jobs of integral proteins?

A

A. Transportation in and out of the cell
B. Energy processes: ETC
C. Interact with environment

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12
Q

How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?

A

Warmer temps increase fluidity; colder temps decrease fluidity

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13
Q

More _________ fatty acid portion of phospholipid maintains fluidity in cold temp by preventing tight packing in bilayer

A

Unsaturated

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14
Q

Microbes that prefer high temps are?

A

Longer and more saturated

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15
Q

Microbes that prefer lower temperatures are?

A

shorter and unsaturated

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16
Q

**How does the membrane transport “things” in and out of the cell?

A

the membrane is selectively permeable (know this)

17
Q

What are the types of transport?

A 
A. Passive
B. Facilitated
C. Active
D. Group translocation
E. Iron intake
18
Q

a) What are main features of passive transport (diffusion)?

b) What types of molecules can undergo passive transport?

A

A. Molecules move based on concentration gradient at a rate based upon the difference between the concentrations
B. Only gases and non-charged molecules

19
Q

What are main features of Facilitated diffusion?

A

A. Molecules move with assistance from transport proteins.
B. Channel proteins, Carrier (Uniport) proteins, very specific
C. Still diffusion which means no energy

20
Q

What is the main feature(s) of active transport?

A

Uses energy to transport molecules against the gradient.

21
Q

What is the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport?

A

Primary active transport uses ATP to move molecules

Secondary active transport uses energy from ION down gradient

22
Q

What is the function of Antiporters?

A

one molecule moves out while another molecule comes in

23
Q

What is the function of Symporters

A

two different molecules move in the same direction

24
Q

a) What are the main features of Group translocation?

b) What type of transport is it considered?

A

A. molecule is chemically modified when moved into the cell by carrier proteins
B.active transport
An example of this would be E. Coli which transports sugars like glucose, fructose, mannitol, sucrose.
This creates a one-way street

25
Q

What is the main feature of Iron uptake?

A

Extermely important for bacteria, but iron is not very soluble so very little available.

26
Q

What are Siderophores and what is their role in Iron uptake?

A

They are molecules released by bacteria, bind iron, and bring it back to the cell to be released or use ABC transporter

27
Q

What are the jobs of the cell wall?

A

A. Maintains Cell shape
B. protection from lysis(rupturing of the cell)
C. protection from toxic substances
D. contributes to pathogenicity (causing disease in humans)
**The cell wall is the target of many antibiotics

28
Q

What happens when the osmotic pressure inside the cell is less than the outside?

A

It would be a hypertonic solution and the cell would undergo Plasmolysis

29
Q

What happens when the solution inside the cell has more osmotic pressure than the outside?

A

It would be a hypotonic solution and the cell would undergo Osmotic lysis (rupture of the cell)

30
Q

What happens when the osmotic pressure inside the cell is equal to the pressure outside the cell

A

It would be an isotonic solution and nothing would happen

31
Q

What is peptidoglycan? (In the cell wall)

What subunits are found in it?

A

Mesh like structure found in all bacterial cell walls; consists of repeating subunits: NAG, NAM, & oligopeptides

  • they are strong, elastic, porous
  • **penicillin targets this structure
32
Q

What are lipopolysaccharides and where are they found?

In the cell wall

A

They are only found in gram negative bacteria.

  • Consists of three parts: O-antigen, core polysaccharide, Lipid A
  • Protects bacteria from host defenses and acts as a potent endotoxin
  • When released, causes septic shock
33
Q

What are Porins and where are they found? (In the cell wall)

A

Found in only gram negative bacteria

  • form channels across cell wall
  • allows small molecules to enter the periplasm
34
Q

What is Teichoic Acid and where is it found? (In cell wall)

A

Found only in gram POSITIVE bacteria

-aid in cell shape, division, and antimicrobial resistance

35
Q

How to identify Gram positive and negative

A 
Positive is purple; negative is pink
Step 1 = crystal violet (Primary stain)
Step 2 = Iodine (Mordant)
Step 3 = Alcohol (de-colorizer)
Step 4 = Safranin (Counterstain)
36
Q

What are the similarities between gram positive and gram negative? ***

A

A. Periphrastic Space
B. PPG
C. Plasma membrane

37
Q

What are some things that gram positive feature that gram negative doesn’t?

A

Teichoic Acid, Exotoxins, Antibiotic susceptible

38
Q

What are some things that gram negative feature that gram positve doesn’t?

A

Outer membranes

  • LPS
  • Porins
  • Endotoxins
  • Antibiotic resistant

MIcrobiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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