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Bio 1290 > Prokaryotes - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Prokaryotes - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 big domains of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea (extremophiles)

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2
Q

What are euryarchaeota?

A

Different groups of organisms within Archaea domain

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3
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Live in anoxic environments

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4
Q

What are Halophiles?

A

Na lovers

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5
Q

What are thermoacidophiles?

A

Grow at high temps with low pH

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6
Q

What are Crenarchaeota?

A

A subgroup of archaea that grow in hot acidic environments

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7
Q

What is an easy way to distinguish bacterias?

A

From their Shape and arrangements

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8
Q

What shape is bacillus cells?

A

Rod shape

-groups or chain arrangement

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9
Q

What is coccus cell?

A

Spherical shape

-group or chain arrangement

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10
Q

What are the 3 ways in which spiral shaped cells present?

A
  1. Vibrio (comma-shaped)
  2. Spirillum (flagella squigle)
  3. Spirochete (oscillation)
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11
Q

What are the traits that cell structure organizes cell function in bacteria and archaea cells?

A
  1. Snesing/responding to the surrounding environment
  2. Compartmentation of metabolism
  3. Growth and reproduction
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12
Q

What are pili?

A

Protein fibres extending from the surface of many bacteria and are used for attachment

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13
Q

What is a conjugation pili?

A

Used to transfer genetic material between cells

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14
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Short cytoplasmic extensions that function in recognition, adherence etc and sex pili that are much longer and hallow and function in gene transfer between bacteria

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15
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular short DNA

  • these are genes that give an advantage but are not necessary for survival.
  • When plasmids are removed the cell can continue living
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16
Q

What keeps flagella turning?

A

Motor composed of a helical filament, hook and basal body to keep it moving

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17
Q

What causes ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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18
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Moving up the [] gradient of a chemical attract

-start swimming towards it

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19
Q

Who uses chemotaxis?

A

Bacteria with and without flagella

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20
Q

What are endoflagella?

A

Flagella within the prokaryotic cell and move the cell through torsion exerted on the cell by the endoflagellar rotation

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21
Q

What is Glycocakyx?

A

Outer layter external to the cell wall

-adhering layer of polysaccharides

22
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A thick layer on the outside of the cell wall

-thicker than glycocalyx

23
Q

What is a slime layer made up of and why do prokaryotes have them?

A

A diffuse layer of polysaccharides

Protect the cell from the environment and allow them to attach to surfaces

24
Q

How do you identify bacteria cultures with slime vs with no slime outter later?

A

On a petrie dish the bacteria with slime will look gooey and watery

25
Q

What its the purpose of the cell wall?

A

Maintain cell shape, water balance and protects from injury

-some bacteria do not have this

26
Q

How do we classify bacteria on the basis of cell wall structure?

A

Gram positive or gram negative

-using gram dye stain

27
Q

What does it mean when a cell is gram positive?

A
  • Purple stain
  • Bacteria have thick walls with a dense layer of peptidoglycan
  • teichoic acid
28
Q

What do gram+ bacteria produce?

A

Endospores: spores produced within the bacterial cell

29
Q

What does it mean when a cell is gram negative?

A
  • Pink Stain
  • Thin walls, less peptidoglycan
  • EXTRA outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (v toxic)
30
Q

What are characteristics of bacterial cells than dont gram stain negative very well?

A
  • Acid fast bacteria (like those that cause TB)

- They have a lot of lipids in their cell walls

31
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic cell walls and archaic cell walls?

A

Archaea don’t have peptidoglycan in cell walls, some have pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, proteins or both

32
Q

What is the most common archaea cell wall?

A

S-layer

-consisting of proteins or glycoprotein in a crystal lattice

33
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that does not have a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma species that infect animal cells

  • look like fried egg
  • stick to cilia
  • grow on red blood cells
34
Q

What controls what enters in and out of the cell?

A

The proteins will determine what goes in and out of the cell, no the cell wall

35
Q

can proteins move within the cell membrane?

A

Yes, because the cell membrane is fluid

36
Q

What do cells rely on to move things between the cell membrane?

A

Diffusion, osmosis and transport proteins

37
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of substances across the membrane in response to their [gradient], only from an area of high [] to low []

38
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane in response to its [gradient} from high to low

39
Q

Why does osmosis concern cells?

A

To make sure the movement of water is equal so the cell doesn’t shrink (hypertonic) or doesn’t swell (hypotonic) and explode

40
Q

What is the difference between ends and exocytosis?

A

Endo when the cell membrane captures material and pinches off to form a sphere and enters the cell

Exo when small vacuoles merge with the cell membrane and release amterial to the cell exterior

41
Q

Which cells can do end and exocytosis?

A

Eukaryotes can only do this but not all of them do

42
Q

What disrupts/dissolves the bilayer?

A

Antimicrobial substances

43
Q

How are archaea cells different from both pro and eukaryote cells?

A
  • hydrophobic lipid tails are attached to glycerol differently
  • Fatty acids and absent
  • adjacent lipid tails are bound together to form a lipid monolayer instead of a bilayer
44
Q

What is the structure of DNA in the nucleoid?

A

Closed looped DNA and protein

-most are haploid

45
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

They store nutrient or building blocks for cellular structures

46
Q

What are gas vesicles=?

A

Aquatic bacteria can use these to float on the waters surface

47
Q

What are magnetosomes?

A

Contain crystals of magnetite or reignite, allowing cells fro response to magnetic fields

48
Q

What is the role of cytoskeletal proteins?

A

Regulate cell division and help determine cell shape

-homologs of eukaryote tubulin

49
Q

What limits the size of a cell?

A

The surfaced area to volume ratio

  • as cells increase in size the surface area can’t keep up with the volume of the cell
  • this is why bacteria are so small
50
Q

How do eukaryotes avoid the surface area to volume ratio in terms of size?

A

They aggregate together to avoid the problem,

51
Q

What is the biggest prokaryotic organism?

A

Sulfur pearl of Namibia

  • visible to the naked eye
  • sulfide oxidizing bacteria

Bio 1290 (15 decks)

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