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Bio 1290 > Infection and Disease > Flashcards

Infection and Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

When you give and you get something from the host

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2
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship?

A

Both partners benefit and no one is hurt

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3
Q

What is commensal relationship?

A

Neither host nor microbe is harmed

-neither benefits it just so happens that they are together

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4
Q

What is a parasitic relationship?

A

One partner benefits and the other is harmed

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5
Q

What are pathogens?

A

They are diseases caused by microbes that differ in their ability to cause diseases

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6
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Refers to a microbes ability to enter a host and cause disease

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7
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity

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8
Q

What are pathogenicity islands?

A

Refers to gene clusters responsible for virulence

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9
Q

Is there variance in virulence within the same species?

A

Yes, some are more virulent than others

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10
Q

Can “passing” through species affect virulence?

A

Passing through animals of the SAME species can make a pathogen more virulent

Passing though DIFFERENT animals can weaken the pathogen, decreasing virulence
-vaccines do this

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11
Q

What is an Iatrogenic disease?

A

Diseases that are caused by medical procedures

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12
Q

What is an Idiopathic disease?

A

Disease that has an unknown cause

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13
Q

What is a Nosocomial infection?

A

Infections that are contracted in a hospital, doctors office, clinic etc

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14
Q

Why are nosocomial infections bad?

A

Serious health threats in our health care system

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15
Q

What to nosocomial infections cause?

A

Health care associated infections (HAI) occur as a result of receiving treatment for another condition

  • involves a compromised host
  • caused by opportunistic agents
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16
Q

What is the key to reducing nosocomial infections?

A

Finding the chain of transmission

-standard precautions used by the healthcare team can stop the chain of transmission

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17
Q

What are 2 categories that apply to the infectious disease process?

A

Communicable diseases are contagious
-transmittable amount hosts in a. population

Noncommunicable diseases are not contagious
-not easily transmitted to another host. acquired directly from the environment

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18
Q

What is the influenza?

A

Caused by influenza virus transmitted by swine and waterfowl through direct contact

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19
Q

What is rabies?

A

Caused by lyssavirus transmitted by bats, foxes, dogs and cats through direct contact (bite)

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20
Q

What is the bubonic plague?

A

Caused by the Yersinia pests transmitted by rodents through flea bites

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21
Q

What is Lyme disease?

A

Caused by borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by field mice through rick bites

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22
Q

What is Salmonella?

A

Caused by salmonella species transmitted by poultry, rats, turtles, reptiles by ingestion of contaminated food

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23
Q

What is malaria?

A

Caused by plasmodium species transmitted by monkeys by mosquito bites

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24
Q

How do pathogens enter the body?

A

Mouth, nose, general opening, wounds on the skin, eyes, ears

25
Q

What are vectors?

A

Agents that may spread disease

-living organisms that act as intermediates

26
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Building up immunity in the population to make contracting the pathogen difficult.
-90% of the population has to have this immunity

27
Q

What events have to occur for disease to develop in the host?

A

Exogenous infection-if pathogen breaches the hosts external defences to enter sterile tissue

Endogenous infection- occurs if normal microbiota enter sterile tissue

Opportunisti infections-commensals take advantage of a change in the body environment that favours microbes

Primary infection- occur in healthy bodies

Secondary infection- occur in body weakened by a primary infection

Local disease-restricted to a single area

Systemic disease-disseminate to organs and systems

28
Q

What are the 5 stages of disease progression?

A
  1. Incubation period-between entry of microbe and symptom appearance
  2. Prodromal phase- time of mild signs or symptoms
  3. Acme period(climax)- signs and symptoms are most intense
  4. Decline- signs and symptoms subside
  5. Convalescence- body returns to normal
29
Q

What is the difference between sign, symptom and syndrome?

A

Sign is measurable
Symptom is a feeling
Syndrome is progression

30
Q

What does pathogen entry into the host depend on?

A

Cell adhesion and the infectious dose

31
Q

What is the portal of entry?

A 
The route and exogenous pathogen uses to enter the body 
-inhalation
-fecal-oral
-STD
Parenteral
32
Q

What is the infectious dose?

A

The number of microbes entering the body

33
Q

What do capsules flagella and pili all have in common?

A

They are adhesions that allow the pathogen to adhere to a specific tissue

34
Q

What are the 2 ways in which pathogens can breach barriers?

A
  • invasiveness: ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues and spread
  • Phagocytosis: engulfing another to enter through defences undetected
35
Q

What successful invasiveness dependant on?

A

if the pathogen has virulence factors such as

-Enzymes to help pathogens resist body defences and break the glue holding cells together

36
Q

What is toxigenicity?

A

The ability of pathogens to produce toxins

37
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

proteins produced during bacterial metabolism

38
Q

What are antitoxins?

A

Produced by the host body and neutralize toxins

39
Q

What is toxaemia?

A

Presence of toxins in the blood

40
Q

What are toxoids?

A

Toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but still elicit an immune response

41
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Released upon disintegration of gram negative cells

-cause blood coagulation and fever. and shock

42
Q

What is a portal of exit?

A

Pathogens or toxins leave through a host in order to spread disease

43
Q

What are direct methods of transmission?

A

Close personal contact

  • kissing
  • respiratory droplets
  • Mother to child
44
Q

What are methods of indirect transmission?

A

Through non-living items

  • doorknobs
  • aerosols
  • mechanical and biological vectors
45
Q

In many cases the symptoms of a virus infection are more the result of what?

A

Actions of the immune system
-gfenereally a result of release by white blood cells, of histamines and other factor which promote tissue swelling, fever

46
Q

Are fungi toxic?

A

Yes they infect similar ways to bacteria and are toxic and and have various targets

47
Q

What is an endemic?

A

Disease continually present in a given areas or population but do not cause major public health problems

48
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Suddenly present in high than normal incidence and ar a public health problem
-can be caused by a change in virulence or the intro of the infectious agent

49
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Disease that are world wide epidemic

50
Q

What is the difference between epidemiology and etiology?

A

Epidemiology: study of disease and patterns of the spread of disease

Etiology: Origin of a disease

51
Q

What is progression of an infectious disease?

A

The time course of an infection can be categorized into a number of phases

52
Q

What is a sequelae?

A

After effects long after apparent recovery

-ex: polio-post polio syndrome can occur decades after polio first contracted

53
Q

What is the incubation phase?

A

Course of an infection there will be a short phase where the microbe grows in numbers but little of no ill effect is noted

54
Q

What is a prodromal phase?

A

Where there’re the first symptoms of mild unwellness

55
Q

What is the invasive phase?!

A

Infection fase is establish and the full signs and symptoms of the disease are found- such as fever and chills or swelling/headache

56
Q

What is the fulminating phase?

A

If the signs and symptoms of the invasive phase appear suddenly and severely

57
Q

What is the decline phase?

A

Disease declines in severity as the immune system “gets the upper hand” followed by convalescence

58
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

More contained epidemic

59
Q

What is disease emergence and reemergence related to?

A
  • Change in land use or agriculture practices
  • Changes in human demographics
  • Poor population health
  • pathogen evolution
  • food source contamination
  • International travel
  • Climate change

Bio 1290 (15 decks)

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