Control - Disease Organisms in Humans and Animals

Question 1

What are antimicrobial agents?

Answer 1

Chemical substances used to treat infectious disease

Question 2

How did the history of chemotherapy originate and what did they first use it on?

Answer 2

Ehrlich came up with selective toxicity

-used it against syphilis spirochete

Question 3

What was the first real antibiotic and who discovered it?

Answer 3

Penicillin (kills gram +) by Flemming

-other people collaborated to make it into a drug

Question 4

What was the first successful antimicrobial agent?

Answer 4

Prontosil (red dye) Sulfa drug

-they can be toxic and not really used now

Question 5

What are the 3 forms in which antimicrobial agents differ?

Answer 5

Synthetic Agent-Lab
Antibiotic-other organism
Semisynthetic Drug-Combo

Question 6

What is selective toxicity?

Answer 6

Drug should harm pathogens but not the host

Question 7

What is the different between toxic dose and therapeutic dose?

Answer 7

Toxic: drug concentration causes harm to host

Therapeutic: concentration eliminating pathogen but not the host

Question 8

What is the goal when balancing the toxic and therapeutic doses?

Answer 8

To form the chemotherapeutic dose

Question 9

Which antimicrobial drug covers the most bacteria?

Answer 9

Tetrcyclines

-Gram +/- , chlamydiae, rickets

Question 10

What do synthetic antibacterial agents primarily inhibit?

Answer 10

DNA synthesis and cell wall formation

Question 11

What does penicillin do to bacteria?

Answer 11

Interferes with cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis in rapidly growing cells causing the cell to burst
-prevent cross linking bridges between strands of polymers in peptidoglycan

Question 12

What is the bacteria cell made of?

Answer 12

Peptidoglycan which contributes to strength and rigidity

Question 13

What do beta lactic antibiotics have no effect on?

Answer 13

Bacteria that are not actively dividing

Question 14

What happens when you’d develop an anaphylactic allergic reaction to penicillin?

Answer 14

Produces beta- lactamases that inactivate penicillin

Question 15

What to polypeptide antibiotics affect?

Answer 15

Cell membranes

Question 16

What is tetracyclines?

Answer 16

Broad spectrum antibiotics that target the attachment of tRNA to the 30S subunit
-destroy intestinal microbiota and cause staining of the teeth

Question 17

What is Rifampin?

Answer 17

interferes with RNA synthesis

• effective against TB, leprosy, meningitis
• cause liver damage

Question 18

What are antiprotozoals?

Answer 18

Agents to eradicate the parasite

Question 19

Are heavy metals used as antimicrobials?

Answer 19

Yes, some help parasites mostly

Question 20

How do you try and avoid drug resistance?

Answer 20

Find the lowest amount of agent that is needed to cause and effect of reducing the microorganism

Question 21

What is the antibiotic sesceptibility test?

Answer 21

An agar disk diffusion method involves different antibiotics diffusing from paper disks on a bacterial confluent growth

Question 22

How does antibiotic resistance come about ?

Answer 22

Mutations: Spontaneous changes in genetic material

Horizontal gene transfer: from donor cells

Question 23

How can antibiotic resistance develop in cells

Answer 23

Altering metabolic pathways

Inactivating antibiotics

Reducing membrane permeability

Modifying the drug target

Question 24

What is the antibiotic dilemma?

Answer 24

Antibiotics being available over the counter in developing countries allowing for improper use

Question 25

What do you treat malaria with?

Answer 25

Quinine

Question 26

What is braver fever and how do you treat it?

Answer 26

Giardia and treated with metronidazole

-causes birth defects and cancer

Question 27

What is used to treat worms?

Answer 27

piperazine or ivermectin

Question 28

what are antiviral agents?

Answer 28

Drugs that are analogues of DNA nucleotides

-cuases their synthesis to be disrupted and terminated

Question 29

How do you treat aids?

Answer 29

with the antiviral AZT (azidothymidine)

Question 30

What is tamiflu?

Answer 30

anti-flu drug that inhibits the activity of the glycoprotein spikes that project from the capsid of the virus

Question 31

What is vancomycin ?

Answer 31

antimicrobial to treat gram + (like staphylococci) inhibits cell wall synthesis
-side effects are damage to the ears and kidneys

Question 32

What is chloramphenicol ?

Answer 32

Used on a wide variety of bacteria by messing with translational machinery of the ribosome and some rickettsiae and fungi

• used for more serious infections like meningitis choler and typhoid
• side effects are aplastic anemia and gram syndrome in newborns