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Bio 1290 > Cellular Geography > Flashcards

Cellular Geography Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 Characteristics of life?

A
  1. Organisms are complex and organized
  2. Living organisms can take energy from he environment and change it from one form to another
  3. Organisms are homeostatic - internal body and structures are regulated within parameters
  4. Living things respond to stimuli
  5. Living things reproduce themselves by making exact copies of themselves
  6. Organisms grow and develop
  7. Life adapts
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2
Q

What are the 3 points to cell theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of cells or are cells
  2. Cells are functional units of life
  3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells by a process of division
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3
Q

How do you study cells biochemically?

A

Blend whole cells and put them through a centrifuge separating heavy and light components

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4
Q

What is a cell?

A

Simplest collection of matter which has all the properties of life

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5
Q

What are the 2 basic kinds of cells?

A

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

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6
Q

What does prokaryote mean?

A

Before nucleus

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7
Q

Where do prokaryotes keep their genetic info?

A

In the nuclei (genetic information area)

-lacking membrane to be called a nucleus

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8
Q

What are the visible components of the prokaryote?

A 
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Pili
Flagella
Mesosomes
Photosynthetic membranes
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9
Q

What is the order of the outside layers of a prokaryotic cell?

A

plasma membrane
cell wall (for shape)
capsule (gooey material on the outside)

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10
Q

What is one micron?

A

1000th of a mm

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11
Q

What does Eukaryote mean?

A

True nucleus

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12
Q

What are the 4 categories of eukaryotes ?

A

Protista
Fungi
Planta
Animalia

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13
Q

What are the visible components of a eukaryotic cells?

A 
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosomes
organells
endomembrane system
cytoskeleton
cell wall
cell matrix
flagella
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14
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Proteins making up and supporting the matrix

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15
Q

What is the cell matrix?

A

Area outside of the cell

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16
Q

What features to plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A
  1. Cell wall for strength
  2. Central Vacuole
  3. Chloroplasts
  4. Plasmodesmata: pore so that cells can connect and support each other
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17
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Material between the plasma membrane (cell membrane) and the nuclear envelope
-gel like consistency

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18
Q

What is the cytoplasm composed of?

A 
80% water
Nucleic acids
Protein
Lipid
Carbs
Pigments
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19
Q

What is the smallest organelle?

A

Ribosomes

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20
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Protein and rRNA

21
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

The 2 subunits carry out protein synthesis

22
Q

What does the rough Endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Covered in ribosomes and make components destined for the cell membrane

23
Q

What does the smooth Endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Has a lot of enzymes present and detoxifies drugs

24
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

All internal membranes within the cell

25
Q

What are the membranes included in the endomembrane system?

A 
Plasma
Nuclear
ER membrane
Vesicles
Lysosomes
GA
Vacuoles
26
Q

What makes a plasma membrane a bilayer?

A

Only if it has associated proteins on it

27
Q

What are examples of cells with none, 1 and 2 nuclei

A

Red blood cells (extra room to carry O2)

Fungal cells

Muscle Cells (faster innervation for faster reflex)

28
Q

What happens then a compound is finished at the ER?

A

It is packaged and sent to the GA to finish it

29
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
-only work within a certain pH

30
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Membrane bound sacs with 3 functions:

  • Food vacuoles (arise from phagocytosis)
  • Contractile vacuoles (pupo excess water out via osmosis)
  • Central vacuoles (in plant cells)
31
Q

What is the name of the membrane surrounding the central vacuole?

A

Tonoplast

-selective membrane

32
Q

What are some of the functions of the central vacuole?

A
  • Stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions
  • Depositing metabolic byproducts
  • Storing pigments
  • Storing defensive compounds against herbivores
33
Q

80% of which organelle takes up a plant cell?

A

Central Vacuole

34
Q

What is mitochondrial role?

A

Site of cellular respiration generating ATP from the catabolism of sugars and fats and other fuels in the presence of O2

35
Q

What is the chloroplasts role?

A

Site of photosynthesis using light and CO2 to build sucrose

36
Q

What are the folds called in the mitochondria?

A

Cristae

37
Q

Do chloroplasts have a double membrane?

A

yes

38
Q

Which organelles are autonomous?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts because they are not under the control of the nucleus

39
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm

  • shape maintained via protein elements to give the cell shape
  • organizes activités of he cell
40
Q

Can the cytoskeleton be reorganized ?

A

Yes, cell can take them apart and rearrange them

41
Q

How do organelles move around the cell?

A

On the microtubule tracks

42
Q

What are cilia?

A

Beating arms of a cells to help it move

-large amount on the cell

43
Q

What are flagella?

A

Undulatory movement, like a whip for movement

44
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

In plant cells (and other) actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic streaming

45
Q

Which is thicker, plant cell wall or plasma membrane?

A

Cell wall is thicker

46
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose fibres

Pectin (glue between cells)

47
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Pores connecting cells and help in communication

-virus can take advantage of this

48
Q

What are the 3 ways in which cells can connect together?

A
  1. Anchoring
  2. Tight Junctions
  3. Gap Junctions

Bio 1290 (15 decks)

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