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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Prokaryotes and Archaea > Flashcards

Prokaryotes and Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

definition of a PHYLOGENETIC TREE

A

shows the EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS between various BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
- looking at SIMILARITIES and DIFFERENCES in PHYSICAL or GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS

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2
Q

what are the CLASSIFICATIONS OF BACTERIA? (4)

A
  1. DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA
  2. GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
  3. GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
  4. ARCHAEA
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3
Q

what are the SUB-CLASSIFICATIONS OF OUR GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA?

A
  1. PROTEOBACTERIA
  2. NONPROTEOBACTERIA GRAM-BACTERIA
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4
Q

what are the SUB-CLASSIFICATIONS OF OUR GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA?

A
  1. HIGH G+C RATIO (ACTINOBACTERIA)
  2. LOW G+C RATIO (FIRMICUTES)
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5
Q

definition of DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA

A

DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA:
- our closest living relatives of the earliest LIVING THINGS on earth

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6
Q

what are some CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA?

A
  • live similar to those habitats that existed during EARLY EARTH
  • are ANAEROBIC TO MICROAEROPHILIC (low oxygen to no oxygen)
  • are THERMOPHILIC
  • are AUTOTROPHIC–can produce their OWN FOOD from either LIGHT (PHOTOAUTOTROPH) or CHEMICAL ENERGY (CHEMOAUTOTROPH)
  • NOT PATHOGENIC
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7
Q

what are our DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA (2)?

A
  • Aquifex pyrophilus
  • Deinococcus radiodurans
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8
Q

describe Aquifex pyrophilus

A
  • very ADAPTED TO HARSH CONDITIONS–early conditions when life was just started to appear
  • thrives near UNDERWATER VOLCANOES and THERMAL OCEAN VENTS –can survive HIGH PRESSURE
  • ROD SHAPED BACTERIA
  • uses OXYGEN in respiration (can grow ANAEROBICALLY with use of NITROGEN–the ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR)
  • CHEMOAUTOTROPH
  • HYPERTHERMOPHILIC (85 - 95)
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9
Q

describe Deinococcus radiodurans

A
  • also known as “CONAN THE BACTERIUM”
  • is a POLYEXTREMOPHILE; can survive many kinds of EXTREME CONDITIONS (heat, drought, acidity, radiation etc…)
  • is the WORLD’S TOUGHEST BACTERIUM
  • has special abilities to unique mechanisms of DNA REPAIR
  • TETRAD SHAPE
  • very HIGH RADIATION RESISTANCE–can still grow in chronic radiation at 6 kilorads/hr and survive 1500 kilorads
  • OUTER MEMBRANE similar to GRAM NEGATIVE–stains as GRAM POSITIVE
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10
Q

define our GRAM-NEGATIVE PROTEOBACTERIA and what are the CLASSES (5)?

A

GRAM-NEGATIVE PROTEOBACTERIA:

  • the LARGEST and MOST DIVERSE GROUP OF BACTERIA
  • comes from a common PHOTOSYNTHETIC ANCESTOR
  • rRNA studies –creation of their PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP

CLASSES:

  • ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA
  • BETAPROTEOBACTERIA
  • GAMMA “ “
  • DELTA “ “
  • EPSILON “ “
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11
Q

what are the CHARACTERISTICS of ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA?

A

ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA:

  • capable of growth in LOW NUTRIENT CONDITIONS
  • can have some weird morphology–has PROTRUSIONS known as PROSTHECAE
    (can be seen as STALKS or BUDS)
  • AGRICULTURALLY IMPORTANT–have bacteria that are capable of NITROGEN FIXATION
  • can cause PLANT AND HUMAN PATHOGENS
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12
Q

what are our ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA (7)?

A
  • Azospirillium
  • Rhizobium
  • Agrobacterium
  • Nitrobacter & Nitrosomes
  • Brucella
  • Rickettsia
  • Caulobacter
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13
Q

describe Azospirillium

A
  • specific SOIL MICROORGANISMS that are ASSOCIATED with ROOTS OF MANY PLANTS–such as tropical grasses and sugar cane
  • often has a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP with the PLANT
  • MICROORGANISMS fixes NITROGEN from the ATMOSPHERE –PLANT CAN USE
  • PLANT gives NUTRIENTS to the MICROORGANISM
    (known as MUTUALISM)
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14
Q

describe Rhizobium

A
  • AGRICULTURALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA–begins to INFECT ROOTS OF LEGUMES (known as RHIZOBIA)
  • RHIZOBIA: formation of NODULES on the ROOTS
  • a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP–fixing of NITROGEN
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15
Q

describe Agrobacterium

A
  • specific PLANT PATHOGEN
  • similar to RHIZOBIA and INVADES PLANT CELLS BUT DOES NOT FIX NITROGEN OR CREATE NODULES!!
  • creation of TUMORS due to HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
  • tumors are made due to the containment of PLASMIDS that INTEGRATE INTO PLANT GENOME
  • TUMOR GENES ARE EXPRESSED creating TUMOTS (GALL)
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16
Q

which bacterium causes CROWN GALL DISEASE?

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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17
Q

describe Nitrobacter and Nitrosomes

A
  • these are FREE LIVING NITRIFYING BACTERIA
  • they are CHEMOAUTOTROPHS–use of inorganic chemicals for energy and CO2 as source of carbon
  • SUPER IMPORTANT FOR NITROGEN CYCLE
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18
Q

how does Nitrobacter and Nitrosomes work through the NITROGEN CYCLE?

A
  • AMMONIA NO3 can be USED BY THE PLANT
  • help with NITRIFYING AMMONIA NH3 into NITRITES NO2, to then the END PRODUCT NITRATE NO3
  • will then turn into ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN through DENITRIFYING PROKARYOTES N2
  • NO3 is MUCh BETTER THAN NH4
  • much more MOTILE IN SOIL
  • EASILY ABSORBED
  • promotes the UPTAKE OF OTHER CATIONS
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19
Q

describe Brucella

A
  • SMALL NON-MOTILE COCCOBACILLI
  • a OBLIGATE PARASITE of MAMMALS–can survive against PHAOCYTOSIS
  • can cause BRUCELLOSIS–consumption of UNPASTEURIZED DAIRY PRODUCTS (can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS)
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20
Q

describe Rickettsia

A
  • COCCOBACILLI SHAPED
  • type of OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE
  • can only REPRODUCE in MAMMALIAN CELLS
  • transmitted through INSECT BITES
  • process enters through PHAGOCYTOSIS and MULTIPLES IN HOST CELL
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21
Q

what bacterium causes ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER (TICKS)?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

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22
Q

describe Caulobacter

A
  • bacterium can be found in LOW NUTRIENT AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS ex. like LAKES
  • have specific STALKS to help ANCHOR ONTO SURFACES
  • always EXPOSED TO CONT. FLOW OF WATER-this increases their chances of GETTING NUTRIENTS
  • DIVIDES by BUDDING
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23
Q

what are the CHARACTERISTICS of BETAPROTEOBACTERIA?

A
  • represents a very broad variety of METABOLIC STRATEGIES and has DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL NICHES
  • use of NUTRIENT SUBSTANCES that diffuse from AREAS OF DECOMPOSITION
  • has several IMPORTANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
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24
Q

what are our BETAPROTEOBACTERIA (5)?

A
  • Sphaerotilus
  • Acidithiobacillus
  • Burkholderia
  • Bordetella
  • Neisseria
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25
Q

describe Sphaerotilus

A
  • type of FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA that is COVERED IN TUBULAR SHEATHE
  • often found in FLOWING WATER and SEWAGE and WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS–can often cause CLOGGED PIPES
  • has POLAR FLAGELLA
  • NOT PATHOGENIC
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26
Q

describe Acidthiobacillus

A
  • type of SULFUR OXIDIZING BACTERIA
  • begins to THRIVE at OPTIMAL PH of 1.5-2.5
  • can SOLUBILIZE METALS–metallic ions can be TOXIC to OTHER BACTERIA (even at LOW CONC.)
  • often INVOLVED IN ACTIVE FORMATION OF CAVE SYSTEMS
  • lives in MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES (BIOFILMS) known as SNOTTIES
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27
Q

describe Burkholderia

A
  • AEROBIC ROD-SHAPED
  • has POLAR FLAGELLA
  • has EXTRAORDINARY NUTRITIONAL SPECTRUM
  • can DEGRADE OVER 100 DIFFERENT ORGANIC MOLECULES!!–can CONTAMINATE EQUIPMENT and DRUGS in HOSPITALS
  • big issue for people with CYSTIC FIBROSIS–can begin to METABOLIZE ACCUMULATED RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS
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28
Q

describe Bordetella

A
  • AEROBIC
  • COCCOBACILLI
  • NONMOTILE
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29
Q

what bacterium causes WHOOPING COUGH?

A

Bordetella pertussis

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30
Q

describe Neisseria

A
  • has COCCI–DIPLOCOCCUS shape
  • AEROBIC
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31
Q

describe GONORRHOEA and what bacterium causes it?

A
  • caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoea
  • can cause PAINFUL URINATION and DISCHARGE/PUS from URETHRA
  • around 80% of MEN have symptoms appear DAYS AFTER INFECTION–can persist for WEEKS
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32
Q

describe MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS and what bacterium causes it?

A
  • caused by bacterium Neisseria meningitidis
  • it is the INFECTION OF THE LINING OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
  • can spread through EXCHANGE of RESPIRATORY and THROAT SECRETIONS
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33
Q

define GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA and what are our GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA (12)?

A

our LARGEST SUBGROUP of PROTEOBACTERIA >:(

  • Pseudomonas
  • Legionella
  • Coxiello
  • Vibrionales
  • Enterobacteriaceae family
  • Escherichia (ENTERIC)
  • Salmonella (ENTERIC)
  • Shigella (ENTERIC)
  • Yersinia (ENTERIC)
  • Proteus (ENTERIC)
  • Serratia (ENTERIC)
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34
Q

describe Pseudomonas

A

CHARACTERISTICS:

  • AEROBIC + ROD SHAPED + MOTILE–they have POLAR FLAGELLA
  • have LARGE GENOMES
  • use of PIGMENT FORMATION–specifically FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS
  • pretty COMMON IN SOIL–can help with DECOMPOSITION OF UNCOMMON CHEMICALS–like PESTICIDES
  • they are OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS–can cause UTI and WOUND INFECTIONS
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35
Q

where can Pseudomonas grow? how are they SO RESISTANT?

A
  • can grow and PRODUCE A LARGE VARIETY OF ENZYMES–can grow on traces of UNUSUAL CARBONS
  • can grow on SOAPS AND ANTISEPTICS

RESISTANCE:

  • quite RESISTANT TO a NUMBER OF ANTIBIOTICS
  • specific PORINS within cell wall CONTROLS ENTRANCE OF MOLECULES
  • use of EFFLUX PUMPS TO EJECT ANTIBIOTICS
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36
Q

what characteristic do BOTH Legionella and Coxiello share?

A

they are BOTH INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS

  • this means they REQUIRE A MAMMALIAN HOST for REPRODUCTION
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37
Q

describe Legionella, more specifically WHERE are they FOUND?

A
  • can be typically found NATURALLY IN STREAMS
  • they can INFECT HOSPITAL WATER SUPPLIES and COOLERS
  • can SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE in AQUATIC AMOEBA
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38
Q

what disease does Legionella cause, is it TRANSFERABLE?

A
  • causes LEGIONNAIRE DISEASE–a TYPE OF PNEUMONIA
  • it is NOT TRANSFERABLE from PERSON TO PERSON
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39
Q

describe Coxiello and what DISEASE does it cause?

A
  • specific Coxiello Burnetii is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of Q FEVER
  • transmitted by CONTAMINATED MILK
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40
Q

describe Vibrionales

A
  • type of FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
  • has SLIGHTLY CURVED RODS
  • often found in AQUATIC AREAS
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41
Q

what is the causative agent of cholera?

A

Virbrio cholerae

  • symptoms of heavy diarrhea and dehydration of the body
42
Q

describe the Enterobacteriaceae family and WHERE are they FOUND?

A
  • type of FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
  • ROD SHAPED
  • for MOTILITY; is PERITRIVHOUSLY FLAGELLATED
  • have FIMBRIAE to help ADHERE TO SURFACES
  • have PILI for EXCHANGING GENETIC INFORMATION
  • its also known to be named as ENTERICS–often found in INTESTINAL TRACTS of both HUMANS AND ANIMALS
  • they are ACTIVE FERMENTERS of GLUCOSE and OTHER CARBS
  • CLINCALLY IMPORTANT
43
Q

describe Escherichia

A
  • it is the MOST COMMON INHABITANT of the HUMAN GUT
  • has been EXTENSIVELY STUDIED
  • very important as a BASIC SCIENCE and BIOTECH TOOL
  • any presence in water and food–indication of FECAL CONTAMINATION
  • NOT TYPICALLY PATHOGENIC–but can CAUSE UTI or TRAVELER’S DIARRHEA
44
Q

describe Salmonella and what DISEASE does it cause?

A
  • all members are POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC
  • has been extensively studied
  • CAUSATIVE AGENT OF SALMONELLOSIS
45
Q

describe Shigella and what DISEASE does it cause?

A
  • NONSPORE FORMING
  • NONMOTILE
  • causative agent of SHIGELLOSIS–type of LIFE THREATENING DYSENTRY
  • signs of DIARRHEA–often bloody followed with FEVERS and CRAMPS
  • due to TOXINS from ORGANISM
46
Q

describe Klebsiella and what DISEASE does it cause?

A
  • commonly found in SOIL and WATER
  • can help with FIXATION of NITROGEN
  • can often cause SERIOUS FORM OF PNEUMONIA
47
Q

describe Yersinia and what DISEASE does it cause?

A
  • NONMOTILE
  • COCCOBACILLI
  • cause of Yersinia pestis–aka as the BUBONIC PLAGUE (the BLACK DEATH)
  • can be carried by GROUND SQUIRRELS or TRANSMITTED BY FLEAS
48
Q

describe Proteus and what DISEASE does it cause?

A
  • often SWARM ON AGAR PLATES
  • swarms by SWARMER CELLS that have MANY FLAGELLA that MOVE OUTWARDS on the EDGES OF THE COLONY–begin to revert back to normal
  • can CAUSE UTIs with patients with LONG TERM CATHETERIZATION
49
Q

describe Serratia and what DISEASE does it cause?

A
  • produces RED PIGMENT at 25 degreees
  • can often be found in CATHETERS and IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS
  • cause URINARY or RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS within hospitals
50
Q

describe DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA and what are our DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA (3) ?

A
  • they are the SMALLEST GROUP
  • includes BACTERIA THAT PREY ON OTHER BACTERIA and SULFUR REDUCING BACTERIA

THREE DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA:

  • Desulfovibrio
  • Bdellovibrio
  • Myxobacteria
51
Q

describe Desulfovibrio

A
  • AEROTOLERANT
  • REDUCES SULFUR to H2S
52
Q

describe Bdellovibrio

A
  • is a PATHOGEN of other G-BACTERIA
  • often attaches and begins to PENETRATE OUTER MEMBRANE of OTHER GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and begins to REPRODUCE in the PERIPLASM
53
Q

describe Myxobacteria

A
  • SOIL-DWELLING
  • specific VEGETATIVE CELLS that GLIDE LEAVING A SLIME TRAIL
  • begin to DIGEST BACTERIA they ENCOUNTER
  • LOW NUTRIENT CONDITIONS–begin to AGGREGATE and FORM MOUNDS
  • mounds turn into a FRUITING BODY and PRODUCE SPORES in order to OBTAIN GREATER NUTRIENTS
54
Q

describe EPSILONPROTEOBACTERIA and WHAT ARE our EPSILONPROTEOBACTERIA (2)?

A
  • often have SLENDER RODS that are HELICAL or CURVED
  • MICROAEROPHILIC
  • MOTILE

TYPES:
- Campylobacter
- Heliobacter

55
Q

describe Campylobacter or I guess what TWO DISEASES does it cause?

A

Campylobacter jejuni – FOOD POISONING
Campylobacter fetus – SPONTANEOUS ABORTION

56
Q

what disease does Helicobacter cause?

A

ulcers :)

57
Q

what are our GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA– NON-PROTEOBACTERIA (5)????? :(

A

these are all types of PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA!!

  • BLUE GREEN BACTERIA (CYANOBACTERIA)
  • GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA
  • GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA
  • PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA (also is a type of ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA)
  • PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA (also is a type of GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA)
58
Q

describe CYANOBACTERIA–or aka blue-green bacteria

A
  • has BLUE GREEN PIGMENTATION
  • capable of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • capable of FIXING ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN
    (often occurs in specialized cells known as HETEROCYST–contains NECESSARY ENZYMES
  • can be UNICELLULAR–COLONIAL–FILAMENTOUS
  • specific FILAMENTOUS FORM–exhibits CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION
59
Q

describe GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA and GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA

A
  • production of NO OXYGEN during PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA–uses ORGANIC COMPOUNDS such as CARBS or ACIDS as a REACTANT in place of H2S
60
Q

what are some other GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA (3 Phylums)?

A
  • PHYLUM–CHLAMYDIAE
  • PHYLUM–SPIROCHETES
  • PHYLUM–BACTEROIDES
61
Q

describe CHYLAMYDIAE and what is its MEDICAL IMPACT?

A
  • GENOUS – Chlamydia
  • COCCI SHAPE
  • DOES NOT contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN
  • can be TRANSMITTED FROM HUMAN TO HUMAN
  • specific OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES

MEDICAL IMPACT:

  • can cause NEONATAL BLINDNESS
  • PNEUMONIA
  • STIS
62
Q

what bacterium causes NEONATAL BLINDNESS?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

63
Q

describe SPIROCHETES and what are its TWO TYPES?

A
  • has COILED MORPHOLOGY
  • has AXIAL FILAMENTS–gives CORKSCREW LIKE MOTILITY
  • often found in HUMAN ORAL CAVITY

TYPES–IMPORTANT PATHOGENS:
- Treponema
- Borrelia

64
Q

what bacterium causes SYPHILIS?

A

Treponema pallidum

65
Q

what bacterium causes LYME DISEASE?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

66
Q

describe BACTEROIDES

A
  • type of OBLIGATE ANAEROBE
  • NON-ENDOSPORE FORMING BACILLI
  • often in the HUMAN GUT–has a MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIP
  • can DIGEST COMPLEX CARBS
  • type of OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS–can be in DEEP TISSUE INFECTIONS, PUNCTURE WOUNDS, SURGERY
67
Q

describe GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA FIRMICUTES and WHAT ARE OUR GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA (4)?

A

specific PHYLUM–FIRMICUTES (has LOW G + C)

  • G + C levels typically LESS THAN 50%
  • IMPORTANT ENDOSPORE FORMERS
  • creation of ECOLOGICAL AND CLINICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA

TYPES:
- Clostridia/Clostridium (21 - 54%)
- Mycoplasma (23 - 40%)
- Bacilli
- Cocci

68
Q

describe Clostridium and what ARE OUR CLOSTRIDIA or specific DISEASES ASSOCIATED (4)?

A
  • type of OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
  • have ROD SHAPES with ENDOSPORES
  • ENDOSPORES: important in PATHOGENICITY and FOOD SPOILAGE

DISEASES ASSOCIATED:

  • C. tetani
  • C. perfringens
  • C. botulinum
  • C. difficile
69
Q

describe C. tetani

A
  • also known as TETANUS
  • specific infection characterized by MUSCLE SPASMS
  • transmitted through CONTACT WITH CONTAMINATED OBJECTS
70
Q

describe C. perfringens

A
  • very normal component in DECAYING VEGETATION, MICROBIOTA of ANIMALS and INSECTS, and MARINE SEDIMENTS
  • a type of FOOD BORNE DISEASE
  • causes of GAS GANGRENE–in OPEN WOUNDS
71
Q

describe C. botulinum

A
  • causes BOTULINUM–also known as MUSCLE WEAKNESS
  • causes FLOPPY BABY SYNDROME–organism has SPORES IN HONEY
72
Q

describe C. difficile

A
  • often associated with DIARRHEA
  • always WASH HANDS WITH SOAP AND WATER
73
Q

describe Mycoplasma

A
  • VERY SMALL
  • type of FACULTATIVE/OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
  • they are PLEOMORPHIC–LACK CELL WALL
  • can be FILAMENTOUS
  • have a distinct “FRIED EGG” MORPHOLOGY
  • can pass through FILTERS–originally considered to be VIRUSES
74
Q

what bacterium causes MILD PNEUMONIA?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

75
Q

describe Bacillus and what are our TWO BACTERIUMS?

A
  • ROD SHAPE with ENDOSPORES
  • often COMMON in SOIL and has VERY FEW PATHOGENS

TYPES:

  • B. anthracis
  • B. thuringiensis
76
Q

describe B. anthracis

A
  • a NON-MOTILE FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
  • the CAUSATIVE AGENT of ANTHRAX within CATTLE, SHEEP, and HUMANS
  • have THREE CLINICAL FORMS of INFECTIONS
    (SKIN–handing infected material, LUNGS–inhaling spores, and INTESTINAL–eating infected meat)
77
Q

describe B. thuringiensis

A
  • type of INSECT PATHOGEN
  • use of SPORULATION–begins to PRODUCE AN INTRACELLULAR CRYSTAL – this is TOXIC TO INSECTS
78
Q

describe Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • can GROW AT REFRIGERATION TEMPS
  • contaminates FOOD–especially MEAT AND DAIRY
  • SURVIVES PHAGOCYTOSIS
  • within INFANTS and IMMUNE COMPROMISED HOST–can CAUSE SEPSIS and MENINGITIS
  • can CAUSE GAMAGE to FETUS and STILL BIRTH IN PREGNANCY WOMEN
79
Q

describe Lactobacillus

A
  • FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
  • MICROAEROPHILIC
  • ROD SHAPED
  • NON SPORE FORMING
  • creates LACTIC ACID FROM CARBS
  • important NORMAL MICROBIOTA seen in the VAGINA, CAVITY, and INTESTINAL TRACK
  • heavily used in the FOOD INDUSTRY–milk, cheese, sourdough
80
Q

what are our TYPES OF COCCI?

A
  • Streptococcus (33-44%)
  • Enterococcus
  • Staphylococcus
81
Q

describe Streptococcus

A
  • SPHERICAL
  • typically seen in CHAINS
  • help with PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES–contributes to PATHOGENESIS
  • responsible for more ILLNESSES and DISEASES THAN ANY GROUP
82
Q

what are the RESPONSIBILITIES of the ENZYMES found in STREPTOCOCCUS?

A
  • destroy PHAGOCYTIC cells
  • digest HOST CONNECTIVE TISSUES
  • digest FIBRIN IN BLOOD CLOTS
83
Q

describe the differences between BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS and ALPHAHEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS

A

BETA-HEMOLYTIC

  • production of HEMOLYSIN and LYSES BLOOD CELLS
  • looks and forms CLEAR ZONES in BLOOD AGAR PLATE

ALPHA HEMOLYTIC

  • on BLOOD AGAR PLATE–has a GREENISH HUE due to the PARTIAL DESTRUCTION of RBCs
84
Q

what are the TWO BACTERIAS of BETAHEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS?

A

S. pyogenes

  • called GROUP A STREP
  • causes SCARLET FEVER, SORE THROAT, and RHEUMATIC FEVER

S. agalactiae

  • called GROUP B STREP
  • causes POSTPARTUM INFECTIONS and NEONATAL SEPSIS
85
Q

what are the TWO BACTERIAS OF ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS?

A

S. pneumoniae

  • cause PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

S. mutans

  • causes DENTAL DECAY or aka CAVITIES
86
Q

describe Enterococcus

A
  • type of FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
  • part of NORMAL INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA
  • adapted to areas of body that are HIGH IN NUTRIENTS, LOW IN OXYGEN (GI TRACT, VAGINA)
  • very PERSISTANT ORGANISMS–can cause NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS (due to LONG STAYS in the HOSPITAL)
87
Q

what are the two ENTEROCOCCUS species that are RESPONSIBLE for NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?

A
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • Enterococcus faecium

*have started to become more ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT

88
Q

describe Staphylococcus

A
  • COCCI–look like GRAPE LIKE CLUSTERS
  • often GROW IN NASAL PASSAGES and SKIN (NORMAL MICROBIOTA)
89
Q

describe S. aureus

A
  • the INFECTION OF WOUNDS IN SURGICAL PROCEDURE
  • can start to produce TOXINS–contributes to PATHOGENECITY
  • can cause TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
  • develops DRUG RESISTANCE quickly
90
Q

describe GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA PHYLUM–ACTINOBACTERIA and what are our TYPES (2-3)?

A
  • has HIGH G + C CONTENT (around 60%)
  • has HIGH PLEOMORPHIC MORPHOLOGY–can alter shape and size depending on ENVIRONMENT

TYPES:
- Streptomyces/actinomyces
- Mycobacterium
- Gardenella–common cause of vaganitis

91
Q

describe STREPTOMYCES

A
  • have FILAMENTOUS GROWTH
  • AEROBIC
  • have BRANCHING FILAMENTS (similar to a star)
  • often found in SOIL
  • has SPORES that form at the end OF AERIAL FILAMENTS
  • produces MOST OF THE COMMON ANTIBIOTICS
92
Q

describe the types of STREPTOMYCES we see in ANTIBIOTICS.

A

ANTIBACTERIAL

  • CHLORAMPHENICOL
  • NEOMYCIN
  • STREPTOMYCIN
  • TETRACYCLINE
  • FOSFOMYCIN
  • DAPTOMYCIN

ANTIFUNGAL:

  • POLYENE ANTIMYCOTIC

ANTIPARASITIC

  • IVERMECTIN
93
Q

describe Mycobacterium

A
  • AEROBIC
  • NON SPORE FORMING RODS
  • has a DISTINCTIVE CELL WALL
  • has specific MYCOLIC ACIDS–seen in ACID FAST STAINING–has DRUG RESISTANCE AND PATHOGENICITY

causes of DISEASES:

  • M. tuberculosis
  • M. leprae (nerve damage, disfiguring skin sores, muscle weakness)
94
Q

describe ARCHAEA

A
  • LACKS TRUE PEPTIDOGLYCAN
  • its cell membrane lipids have BRANCHED HYDROCARBON CHAINS
  • its START CODON–METHIONINE (MET)
  • reproduces by BINARY FISSION or BUDDING
  • can be COCCI, BACILLI, SPIRAL, or PLEOMORPHIC
  • not really known to cause disease
95
Q

describe EXTREMOPHILES–HALOPHILES

A
  • love to live in HIGH SALT CONC.
  • want around more than 9% SODIUM (17 - 23%) to keep CELL WALLS TOGETHER
96
Q

what are our three types of HALOPHILES?

A

Halobacterium salinarium

  • seen in salted fish, hypersaline lakes

Halobacterium and Halococcus

  • found in the Great Salt Lake
97
Q

describe EXTREMOPHILES–THERMOPHILES

A
  • their own DNA, RNA, CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANES AND PROTEINS CANNO FUNCTION BELOW 45 DEGREES CELCIUS

*ex. SULFOLOBUS

98
Q

describe HYPERTHERMOPHILES

A
  • optimal temp for growth around *) DEGREES CELSIUS OR HIGHER
  • Thermococcus litolaris–found in DEEP SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS (85-88)
99
Q

describe ACIDOPHILES

A
  • often grow at a LOW pH
  • ex. SULFOLOBUS–grows at pH 2 and 70 degrees
100
Q

describe METHANOGENS

A
  • ANAEROBIC
  • CONVERTS CO2 and H2 and ORGANIC ACIDS to METHANE
  • converts ORGANIC EASTE into METHANE
    (ex. Methanococcus)
101
Q

what is the LARGEST BACTERIA EVER FOUND?

A

T. namibiensis

102
Q

what is the SMALLEST BACTERIA EVER FOUND?

A

Nasuia deltaocephalinicola–has an ENDOSYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH PLANT INSECTS

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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