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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Prokaryotes and Archaea > Flashcards

Prokaryotes and Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

definition of a PHYLOGENETIC TREE

A

shows the EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS between various BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
- looking at SIMILARITIES and DIFFERENCES in PHYSICAL or GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS

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2
Q

what are the CLASSIFICATIONS OF BACTERIA? (4)

A
  1. DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA
  2. GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
  3. GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
  4. ARCHAEA
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3
Q

what are the SUB-CLASSIFICATIONS OF OUR GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA?

A
  1. PROTEOBACTERIA
  2. NONPROTEOBACTERIA GRAM-BACTERIA
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4
Q

what are the SUB-CLASSIFICATIONS OF OUR GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA?

A
  1. HIGH G+C RATIO (ACTINOBACTERIA)
  2. LOW G+C RATIO (FIRMICUTES)
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5
Q

definition of DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA

A

DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA:
- our closest living relatives of the earliest LIVING THINGS on earth

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6
Q

what are some CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA?

A
  • live similar to those habitats that existed during EARLY EARTH
  • are ANAEROBIC TO MICROAEROPHILIC (low oxygen to no oxygen)
  • are THERMOPHILIC
  • are AUTOTROPHIC–can produce their OWN FOOD from either LIGHT (PHOTOAUTOTROPH) or CHEMICAL ENERGY (CHEMOAUTOTROPH)
  • NOT PATHOGENIC
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7
Q

what are our DEEPLY BRANCHING BACTERIA (2)?

A
  • Aquifex pyrophilus
  • Deinococcus radiodurans
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8
Q

describe Aquifex pyrophilus

A
  • very ADAPTED TO HARSH CONDITIONS–early conditions when life was just started to appear
  • thrives near UNDERWATER VOLCANOES and THERMAL OCEAN VENTS –can survive HIGH PRESSURE
  • ROD SHAPED BACTERIA
  • uses OXYGEN in respiration (can grow ANAEROBICALLY with use of NITROGEN–the ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR)
  • CHEMOAUTOTROPH
  • HYPERTHERMOPHILIC (85 - 95)
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9
Q

describe Deinococcus radiodurans

A
  • also known as “CONAN THE BACTERIUM”
  • is a POLYEXTREMOPHILE; can survive many kinds of EXTREME CONDITIONS (heat, drought, acidity, radiation etc…)
  • is the WORLD’S TOUGHEST BACTERIUM
  • has special abilities to unique mechanisms of DNA REPAIR
  • TETRAD SHAPE
  • very HIGH RADIATION RESISTANCE–can still grow in chronic radiation at 6 kilorads/hr and survive 1500 kilorads
  • OUTER MEMBRANE similar to GRAM NEGATIVE–stains as GRAM POSITIVE
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10
Q

define our GRAM-NEGATIVE PROTEOBACTERIA and what are the CLASSES (5)?

A

GRAM-NEGATIVE PROTEOBACTERIA:

  • the LARGEST and MOST DIVERSE GROUP OF BACTERIA
  • comes from a common PHOTOSYNTHETIC ANCESTOR
  • rRNA studies –creation of their PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP

CLASSES:

  • ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA
  • BETAPROTEOBACTERIA
  • GAMMA “ “
  • DELTA “ “
  • EPSILON “ “
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11
Q

what are the CHARACTERISTICS of ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA?

A

ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA:

  • capable of growth in LOW NUTRIENT CONDITIONS
  • can have some weird morphology–has PROTRUSIONS known as PROSTHECAE
    (can be seen as STALKS or BUDS)
  • AGRICULTURALLY IMPORTANT–have bacteria that are capable of NITROGEN FIXATION
  • can cause PLANT AND HUMAN PATHOGENS
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12
Q

what are our ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA (7)?

A
  • Azospirillium
  • Rhizobium
  • Agrobacterium
  • Nitrobacter & Nitrosomes
  • Brucella
  • Rickettsia
  • Caulobacter
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13
Q

describe Azospirillium

A
  • specific SOIL MICROORGANISMS that are ASSOCIATED with ROOTS OF MANY PLANTS–such as tropical grasses and sugar cane
  • often has a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP with the PLANT
  • MICROORGANISMS fixes NITROGEN from the ATMOSPHERE –PLANT CAN USE
  • PLANT gives NUTRIENTS to the MICROORGANISM
    (known as MUTUALISM)
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14
Q

describe Rhizobium

A
  • AGRICULTURALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA–begins to INFECT ROOTS OF LEGUMES (known as RHIZOBIA)
  • RHIZOBIA: formation of NODULES on the ROOTS
  • a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP–fixing of NITROGEN
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15
Q

describe Agrobacterium

A
  • specific PLANT PATHOGEN
  • similar to RHIZOBIA and INVADES PLANT CELLS BUT DOES NOT FIX NITROGEN OR CREATE NODULES!!
  • creation of TUMORS due to HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
  • tumors are made due to the containment of PLASMIDS that INTEGRATE INTO PLANT GENOME
  • TUMOR GENES ARE EXPRESSED creating TUMOTS (GALL)
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16
Q

which bacterium causes CROWN GALL DISEASE?

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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17
Q

describe Nitrobacter and Nitrosomes

A
  • these are FREE LIVING NITRIFYING BACTERIA
  • they are CHEMOAUTOTROPHS–use of inorganic chemicals for energy and CO2 as source of carbon
  • SUPER IMPORTANT FOR NITROGEN CYCLE
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18
Q

how does Nitrobacter and Nitrosomes work through the NITROGEN CYCLE?

A
  • AMMONIA NO3 can be USED BY THE PLANT
  • help with NITRIFYING AMMONIA NH3 into NITRITES NO2, to then the END PRODUCT NITRATE NO3
  • will then turn into ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN through DENITRIFYING PROKARYOTES N2
  • NO3 is MUCh BETTER THAN NH4
  • much more MOTILE IN SOIL
  • EASILY ABSORBED
  • promotes the UPTAKE OF OTHER CATIONS
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19
Q

describe Brucella

A
  • SMALL NON-MOTILE COCCOBACILLI
  • a OBLIGATE PARASITE of MAMMALS–can survive against PHAOCYTOSIS
  • can cause BRUCELLOSIS–consumption of UNPASTEURIZED DAIRY PRODUCTS (can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS)
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20
Q

describe Rickettsia

A
  • COCCOBACILLI SHAPED
  • type of OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE
  • can only REPRODUCE in MAMMALIAN CELLS
  • transmitted through INSECT BITES
  • process enters through PHAGOCYTOSIS and MULTIPLES IN HOST CELL
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21
Q

what bacterium causes ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER (TICKS)?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

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22
Q

describe Caulobacter

A
  • bacterium can be found in LOW NUTRIENT AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS ex. like LAKES
  • have specific STALKS to help ANCHOR ONTO SURFACES
  • always EXPOSED TO CONT. FLOW OF WATER-this increases their chances of GETTING NUTRIENTS
  • DIVIDES by BUDDING
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23
Q

what are the CHARACTERISTICS of BETAPROTEOBACTERIA?

A
  • represents a very broad variety of METABOLIC STRATEGIES and has DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL NICHES
  • use of NUTRIENT SUBSTANCES that diffuse from AREAS OF DECOMPOSITION
  • has several IMPORTANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
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24
Q

what are our BETAPROTEOBACTERIA (5)?

A
  • Sphaerotilus
  • Acidithiobacillus
  • Burkholderia
  • Bordetella
  • Neisseria
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25
describe *Sphaerotilus*
- type of FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA that is COVERED IN TUBULAR SHEATHE - often found in FLOWING WATER and SEWAGE and WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS--can often cause CLOGGED PIPES - has POLAR FLAGELLA - NOT PATHOGENIC
26
describe *Acidthiobacillus*
- type of SULFUR OXIDIZING BACTERIA - begins to THRIVE at OPTIMAL PH of 1.5-2.5 - can SOLUBILIZE METALS--metallic ions can be TOXIC to OTHER BACTERIA (even at LOW CONC.) - often INVOLVED IN ACTIVE FORMATION OF CAVE SYSTEMS - lives in MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES (BIOFILMS) known as SNOTTIES
27
describe *Burkholderia*
- AEROBIC ROD-SHAPED - has POLAR FLAGELLA - has EXTRAORDINARY NUTRITIONAL SPECTRUM - can DEGRADE OVER 100 DIFFERENT ORGANIC MOLECULES!!--can CONTAMINATE EQUIPMENT and DRUGS in HOSPITALS - big issue for people with CYSTIC FIBROSIS--can begin to METABOLIZE ACCUMULATED RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS
28
describe *Bordetella*
- AEROBIC - COCCOBACILLI - NONMOTILE
29
what bacterium causes WHOOPING COUGH?
*Bordetella pertussis*
30
describe *Neisseria*
- has COCCI--DIPLOCOCCUS shape - AEROBIC
31
describe GONORRHOEA and what bacterium causes it?
- caused by bacterium *Neisseria gonorrhoea* - can cause PAINFUL URINATION and DISCHARGE/PUS from URETHRA - around 80% of MEN have symptoms appear DAYS AFTER INFECTION--can persist for WEEKS
32
describe MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS and what bacterium causes it?
- caused by bacterium *Neisseria meningitidis* - it is the INFECTION OF THE LINING OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD - can spread through EXCHANGE of RESPIRATORY and THROAT SECRETIONS
33
define GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA and what are our GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA (12)?
our LARGEST SUBGROUP of PROTEOBACTERIA >:( - *Pseudomonas* - *Legionella* - *Coxiello* - *Vibrionales* - *Enterobacteriaceae* family - *Escherichia* (ENTERIC) - *Salmonella* (ENTERIC) - *Shigella* (ENTERIC) - *Yersinia* (ENTERIC) - *Proteus* (ENTERIC) - *Serratia* (ENTERIC)
34
describe *Pseudomonas*
CHARACTERISTICS: - AEROBIC + ROD SHAPED + MOTILE--they have POLAR FLAGELLA - have LARGE GENOMES - use of PIGMENT FORMATION--specifically FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS - pretty COMMON IN SOIL--can help with DECOMPOSITION OF UNCOMMON CHEMICALS--like PESTICIDES - they are OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS--can cause UTI and WOUND INFECTIONS
35
where can *Pseudomonas* grow? how are they SO RESISTANT?
- can grow and PRODUCE A LARGE VARIETY OF ENZYMES--can grow on traces of UNUSUAL CARBONS - can grow on SOAPS AND ANTISEPTICS RESISTANCE: - quite RESISTANT TO a NUMBER OF ANTIBIOTICS - specific PORINS within cell wall CONTROLS ENTRANCE OF MOLECULES - use of EFFLUX PUMPS TO EJECT ANTIBIOTICS
36
what characteristic do BOTH *Legionella* and *Coxiello* share?
they are BOTH INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS - this means they REQUIRE A MAMMALIAN HOST for REPRODUCTION
37
describe *Legionella*, more specifically WHERE are they FOUND?
- can be typically found NATURALLY IN STREAMS - they can INFECT HOSPITAL WATER SUPPLIES and COOLERS - can SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE in AQUATIC AMOEBA
38
what disease does *Legionella* cause, is it TRANSFERABLE?
- causes LEGIONNAIRE DISEASE--a TYPE OF PNEUMONIA - it is NOT TRANSFERABLE from PERSON TO PERSON
39
describe *Coxiello* and what DISEASE does it cause?
- specific *Coxiello Burnetii* is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of Q FEVER - transmitted by CONTAMINATED MILK
40
describe *Vibrionales*
- type of FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE - has SLIGHTLY CURVED RODS - often found in AQUATIC AREAS
41
what is the causative agent of cholera?
*Virbrio cholerae* - symptoms of heavy diarrhea and dehydration of the body
42
describe the *Enterobacteriaceae* family and WHERE are they FOUND?
- type of FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE - ROD SHAPED - for MOTILITY; is PERITRIVHOUSLY FLAGELLATED - have FIMBRIAE to help ADHERE TO SURFACES - have PILI for EXCHANGING GENETIC INFORMATION - its also known to be named as ENTERICS--often found in INTESTINAL TRACTS of both HUMANS AND ANIMALS - they are ACTIVE FERMENTERS of GLUCOSE and OTHER CARBS - CLINCALLY IMPORTANT
43
describe *Escherichia*
- it is the MOST COMMON INHABITANT of the HUMAN GUT - has been EXTENSIVELY STUDIED - very important as a BASIC SCIENCE and BIOTECH TOOL - any presence in water and food--indication of FECAL CONTAMINATION - NOT TYPICALLY PATHOGENIC--but can CAUSE UTI or TRAVELER'S DIARRHEA
44
describe *Salmonella* and what DISEASE does it cause?
- all members are POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC - has been extensively studied - CAUSATIVE AGENT OF SALMONELLOSIS
45
describe *Shigella* and what DISEASE does it cause?
- NONSPORE FORMING - NONMOTILE - causative agent of SHIGELLOSIS--type of LIFE THREATENING DYSENTRY - signs of DIARRHEA--often bloody followed with FEVERS and CRAMPS - due to TOXINS from ORGANISM
46
describe *Klebsiella* and what DISEASE does it cause?
- commonly found in SOIL and WATER - can help with FIXATION of NITROGEN - can often cause SERIOUS FORM OF PNEUMONIA
47
describe *Yersinia* and what DISEASE does it cause?
- NONMOTILE - COCCOBACILLI - cause of *Yersinia pestis*--aka as the BUBONIC PLAGUE (the BLACK DEATH) - can be carried by GROUND SQUIRRELS or TRANSMITTED BY FLEAS
48
describe *Proteus* and what DISEASE does it cause?
- often SWARM ON AGAR PLATES - swarms by SWARMER CELLS that have MANY FLAGELLA that MOVE OUTWARDS on the EDGES OF THE COLONY--begin to revert back to normal - can CAUSE UTIs with patients with LONG TERM CATHETERIZATION
49
describe *Serratia* and what DISEASE does it cause?
- produces RED PIGMENT at 25 degreees - can often be found in CATHETERS and IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS - cause URINARY or RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS within hospitals
50
describe *DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA* and what are our *DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA* (3) ?
- they are the SMALLEST GROUP - includes BACTERIA THAT PREY ON OTHER BACTERIA and SULFUR REDUCING BACTERIA THREE DELTAPROTEOBACTERIA: - *Desulfovibrio* - *Bdellovibrio* - *Myxobacteria*
51
describe *Desulfovibrio*
- AEROTOLERANT - REDUCES SULFUR to H2S
52
describe *Bdellovibrio*
- is a PATHOGEN of other G-BACTERIA - often attaches and begins to PENETRATE OUTER MEMBRANE of OTHER GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and begins to REPRODUCE in the PERIPLASM
53
describe *Myxobacteria*
- SOIL-DWELLING - specific VEGETATIVE CELLS that GLIDE LEAVING A SLIME TRAIL - begin to DIGEST BACTERIA they ENCOUNTER - LOW NUTRIENT CONDITIONS--begin to AGGREGATE and FORM MOUNDS - mounds turn into a FRUITING BODY and PRODUCE SPORES in order to OBTAIN GREATER NUTRIENTS
54
describe *EPSILONPROTEOBACTERIA* and WHAT ARE our *EPSILONPROTEOBACTERIA* (2)?
- often have SLENDER RODS that are HELICAL or CURVED - MICROAEROPHILIC - MOTILE TYPES: - *Campylobacter* - *Heliobacter*
55
describe *Campylobacter* or I guess what TWO DISEASES does it cause?
*Campylobacter jejuni* -- FOOD POISONING *Campylobacter fetus* -- SPONTANEOUS ABORTION
56
what disease does *Helicobacter* cause?
ulcers :)
57
what are our GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA-- NON-PROTEOBACTERIA (5)????? :(
these are all types of PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA!! - BLUE GREEN BACTERIA (CYANOBACTERIA) - GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA - GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA - PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA (also is a type of ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA) - PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA (also is a type of GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA)
58
describe *CYANOBACTERIA*--or aka blue-green bacteria
- has BLUE GREEN PIGMENTATION - capable of PHOTOSYNTHESIS - capable of FIXING ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN (often occurs in specialized cells known as HETEROCYST--contains NECESSARY ENZYMES - can be UNICELLULAR--COLONIAL--FILAMENTOUS - specific FILAMENTOUS FORM--exhibits CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION
59
describe GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA and GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA
- production of NO OXYGEN during PHOTOSYNTHESIS - GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA--uses ORGANIC COMPOUNDS such as CARBS or ACIDS as a REACTANT in place of H2S
60
what are some other GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA (3 Phylums)?
- PHYLUM--CHLAMYDIAE - PHYLUM--SPIROCHETES - PHYLUM--BACTEROIDES
61
describe CHYLAMYDIAE and what is its MEDICAL IMPACT?
- GENOUS -- *Chlamydia* - COCCI SHAPE - DOES NOT contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN - can be TRANSMITTED FROM HUMAN TO HUMAN - specific OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES MEDICAL IMPACT: - can cause NEONATAL BLINDNESS - PNEUMONIA - STIS
62
what bacterium causes NEONATAL BLINDNESS?
*Chlamydia trachomatis*
63
describe *SPIROCHETES* and what are its TWO TYPES?
- has COILED MORPHOLOGY - has AXIAL FILAMENTS--gives CORKSCREW LIKE MOTILITY - often found in HUMAN ORAL CAVITY TYPES--IMPORTANT PATHOGENS: - Treponema - Borrelia
64
what bacterium causes SYPHILIS?
*Treponema pallidum*
65
what bacterium causes LYME DISEASE?
*Borrelia burgdorferi*
66
describe BACTEROIDES
- type of OBLIGATE ANAEROBE - NON-ENDOSPORE FORMING BACILLI - often in the HUMAN GUT--has a MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIP - can DIGEST COMPLEX CARBS - type of OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS--can be in DEEP TISSUE INFECTIONS, PUNCTURE WOUNDS, SURGERY
67
describe GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA FIRMICUTES and WHAT ARE OUR GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA (4)?
specific PHYLUM--FIRMICUTES (has LOW G + C) - G + C levels typically LESS THAN 50% - IMPORTANT ENDOSPORE FORMERS - creation of ECOLOGICAL AND CLINICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA TYPES: - *Clostridia/Clostridium* (21 - 54%) - *Mycoplasma* (23 - 40%) - *Bacilli* - *Cocci*
68
describe *Clostridium* and what ARE OUR CLOSTRIDIA or specific DISEASES ASSOCIATED (4)?
- type of OBLIGATE ANAEROBES - have ROD SHAPES with ENDOSPORES - ENDOSPORES: important in PATHOGENICITY and FOOD SPOILAGE DISEASES ASSOCIATED: - *C. tetani* - *C. perfringens* - *C. botulinum* - *C. difficile*
69
describe *C. tetani*
- also known as TETANUS - specific infection characterized by MUSCLE SPASMS - transmitted through CONTACT WITH CONTAMINATED OBJECTS
70
describe *C. perfringens*
- very normal component in DECAYING VEGETATION, MICROBIOTA of ANIMALS and INSECTS, and MARINE SEDIMENTS - a type of FOOD BORNE DISEASE - causes of GAS GANGRENE--in OPEN WOUNDS
71
describe *C. botulinum*
- causes BOTULINUM--also known as MUSCLE WEAKNESS - causes FLOPPY BABY SYNDROME--organism has SPORES IN HONEY
72
describe *C. difficile*
- often associated with DIARRHEA - always WASH HANDS WITH SOAP AND WATER
73
describe *Mycoplasma*
- VERY SMALL - type of FACULTATIVE/OBLIGATE ANAEROBES - they are PLEOMORPHIC--LACK CELL WALL - can be FILAMENTOUS - have a distinct "FRIED EGG" MORPHOLOGY - can pass through FILTERS--originally considered to be VIRUSES
74
what bacterium causes MILD PNEUMONIA?
*Mycoplasma pneumonia*
75
describe *Bacillus* and what are our TWO BACTERIUMS?
- ROD SHAPE with ENDOSPORES - often COMMON in SOIL and has VERY FEW PATHOGENS TYPES: - *B. anthracis* - *B. thuringiensis*
76
describe *B. anthracis*
- a NON-MOTILE FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE - the CAUSATIVE AGENT of ANTHRAX within CATTLE, SHEEP, and HUMANS - have THREE CLINICAL FORMS of INFECTIONS (SKIN--handing infected material, LUNGS--inhaling spores, and INTESTINAL--eating infected meat)
77
describe *B. thuringiensis*
- type of INSECT PATHOGEN - use of SPORULATION--begins to PRODUCE AN INTRACELLULAR CRYSTAL -- this is TOXIC TO INSECTS
78
describe *Listeria monocytogenes*
- can GROW AT REFRIGERATION TEMPS - contaminates FOOD--especially MEAT AND DAIRY - SURVIVES PHAGOCYTOSIS - within INFANTS and IMMUNE COMPROMISED HOST--can CAUSE SEPSIS and MENINGITIS - can CAUSE GAMAGE to FETUS and STILL BIRTH IN PREGNANCY WOMEN
79
describe *Lactobacillus*
- FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES - MICROAEROPHILIC - ROD SHAPED - NON SPORE FORMING - creates LACTIC ACID FROM CARBS - important NORMAL MICROBIOTA seen in the VAGINA, CAVITY, and INTESTINAL TRACK - heavily used in the FOOD INDUSTRY--milk, cheese, sourdough
80
what are our TYPES OF COCCI?
- *Streptococcus* (33-44%) - *Enterococcus* - *Staphylococcus*
81
describe *Streptococcus*
- SPHERICAL - typically seen in CHAINS - help with PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES--contributes to PATHOGENESIS - responsible for more ILLNESSES and DISEASES THAN ANY GROUP
82
what are the RESPONSIBILITIES of the ENZYMES found in STREPTOCOCCUS?
- destroy PHAGOCYTIC cells - digest HOST CONNECTIVE TISSUES - digest FIBRIN IN BLOOD CLOTS
83
describe the differences between BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS and ALPHAHEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS
BETA-HEMOLYTIC - production of HEMOLYSIN and LYSES BLOOD CELLS - looks and forms CLEAR ZONES in BLOOD AGAR PLATE ALPHA HEMOLYTIC - on BLOOD AGAR PLATE--has a GREENISH HUE due to the PARTIAL DESTRUCTION of RBCs
84
what are the TWO BACTERIAS of BETAHEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS?
*S. pyogenes* - called GROUP A STREP - causes SCARLET FEVER, SORE THROAT, and RHEUMATIC FEVER *S. agalactiae* - called GROUP B STREP - causes POSTPARTUM INFECTIONS and NEONATAL SEPSIS
85
what are the TWO BACTERIAS OF ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS?
*S. pneumoniae* - cause PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA *S. mutans* - causes DENTAL DECAY or aka CAVITIES
86
describe *Enterococcus*
- type of FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE - part of NORMAL INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA - adapted to areas of body that are HIGH IN NUTRIENTS, LOW IN OXYGEN (GI TRACT, VAGINA) - very PERSISTANT ORGANISMS--can cause NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS (due to LONG STAYS in the HOSPITAL)
87
what are the two ENTEROCOCCUS species that are RESPONSIBLE for NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?
- *Enterococcus faecalis* - *Enterococcus faecium* *have started to become more ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT
88
describe *Staphylococcus*
- COCCI--look like GRAPE LIKE CLUSTERS - often GROW IN NASAL PASSAGES and SKIN (NORMAL MICROBIOTA)
89
describe *S. aureus*
- the INFECTION OF WOUNDS IN SURGICAL PROCEDURE - can start to produce TOXINS--contributes to PATHOGENECITY - can cause TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME - develops DRUG RESISTANCE quickly
90
describe GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA PHYLUM--ACTINOBACTERIA and what are our TYPES (2-3)?
- has HIGH G + C CONTENT (around 60%) - has HIGH PLEOMORPHIC MORPHOLOGY--can alter shape and size depending on ENVIRONMENT TYPES: - *Streptomyces/actinomyces* - *Mycobacterium* - *Gardenella*--common cause of vaganitis
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describe STREPTOMYCES
- have FILAMENTOUS GROWTH - AEROBIC - have BRANCHING FILAMENTS (similar to a star) - often found in SOIL - has SPORES that form at the end OF AERIAL FILAMENTS - produces MOST OF THE COMMON ANTIBIOTICS
92
describe the types of STREPTOMYCES we see in ANTIBIOTICS.
ANTIBACTERIAL - CHLORAMPHENICOL - NEOMYCIN - STREPTOMYCIN - TETRACYCLINE - FOSFOMYCIN - DAPTOMYCIN ANTIFUNGAL: - POLYENE ANTIMYCOTIC ANTIPARASITIC - IVERMECTIN
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describe *Mycobacterium*
- AEROBIC - NON SPORE FORMING RODS - has a DISTINCTIVE CELL WALL - has specific MYCOLIC ACIDS--seen in ACID FAST STAINING--has DRUG RESISTANCE AND PATHOGENICITY causes of DISEASES: - *M. tuberculosis* - *M. leprae* (nerve damage, disfiguring skin sores, muscle weakness)
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describe ARCHAEA
- LACKS TRUE PEPTIDOGLYCAN - its cell membrane lipids have BRANCHED HYDROCARBON CHAINS - its START CODON--METHIONINE (MET) - reproduces by BINARY FISSION or BUDDING - can be COCCI, BACILLI, SPIRAL, or PLEOMORPHIC - not really known to cause disease
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describe EXTREMOPHILES--HALOPHILES
- love to live in HIGH SALT CONC. - want around more than 9% SODIUM (17 - 23%) to keep CELL WALLS TOGETHER
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what are our three types of HALOPHILES?
*Halobacterium salinarium* - seen in salted fish, hypersaline lakes *Halobacterium and Halococcus* - found in the Great Salt Lake
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describe EXTREMOPHILES--THERMOPHILES
- their own DNA, RNA, CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANES AND PROTEINS CANNO FUNCTION BELOW 45 DEGREES CELCIUS *ex. SULFOLOBUS
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describe HYPERTHERMOPHILES
- optimal temp for growth around *) DEGREES CELSIUS OR HIGHER - *Thermococcus litolaris*--found in DEEP SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS (85-88)
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describe ACIDOPHILES
- often grow at a LOW pH - ex. SULFOLOBUS--grows at pH 2 and 70 degrees
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describe METHANOGENS
- ANAEROBIC - CONVERTS CO2 and H2 and ORGANIC ACIDS to METHANE - converts ORGANIC EASTE into METHANE (ex. Methanococcus)
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what is the LARGEST BACTERIA EVER FOUND?
*T. namibiensis*
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what is the SMALLEST BACTERIA EVER FOUND?
*Nasuia deltaocephalinicola*--has an ENDOSYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH PLANT INSECTS

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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