Exam One: Part One Flashcards
definition of MICROORGANISMS
- MICROORGANISMS:
minute living things that are too small to see with the human eye - often measured within the METRIC SYSTEM (around 1-3 micrometers long)
(compared to viruses that are even smaller!!)
what is the difference between a MICROORGANISM vs. GERM?
MICROORGANISMS:
- organisms that are just TOO SMALL to be seen with the UNAIDED EYE
GERMS:
RAPIDLY GROWING CELL
what are the specific ROLES MICROBES play within our world (6)?
ROLES:
- extremely important in terms of our ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH
- PRODUCTION of INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
- ethanol and acetone - helps with the DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC WASTE
- breaks down complex material into simpler material - SUPPORTS ECOSYSTEM by PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- base of our FOOD CHAIN within the OCEAN - production of FERMENTED FOODS
- ex. VINEGAR, CHEESE, and BREAD - PRODUCING PRODUCTS (MANUFACTURING) + DISEASE TREATMENT
- ex. insulin & cellulase
- insulin gene + E. coli bacteria = insulin factory (used to get insulin from pigs–didn’t bond well with humans) - PROTECTION from pathogenic microorganisms/IMMUNITY
- 1.3x more microbes > human cells
- over 10,000 different microbial species
why is the KNOWLEDGE OF MICROBES important (4)?
- prevention of FOOD SPOILAGE
- prevention of DISEASE OCCURRENCE + TREATMENT
- develop novel methods to CLEAN UP TOXIC WASTE
- prevent DISEASE TRANSMISSION–ASEPTIC METHOD
how do we name organisms through SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE?
- referred to with two names; the GENUS (always capitalized) and SPECIES (lowercase)
- typically DESCRIPTIVE or named after a scientist
what are the THREE PARTS OF THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM?
- BACTERIA
- ARCHAEA
- EUKARYA
*classification system is just the bacteria’s type/family basically
what are the types of MICROORGANISMS (7)?
- BACTERIA
- ARCHAEA
- FUNGI
- PROTOZOA (protists)
- ALGAE (protists)
- VIRUSES
- HELMINTHS
describe the characteristics of BACTERIA
- small SINGLE CELLED organisms
- PROKARYOTES (NO NUCLEUS)
- PEPTIDOGLYCAN cell walls
- reproduction through BINARY FISSION
- a lot of them can SWIM–FLAGELLA
ENERGY:
- ORGANIC CHEMICALS
- INORGANIC CHEMICALS
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
briefly describe BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY
COCCI
- round-circular like shape
- ex. diplococci, streptococci, or staphylococci
BACILLI
- rod-like, column-like shapes
- chain of bacilli, spore-former etc..
OTHERS
- have flagella or other extensions/worm-like
describe the characteristics of ARCHAEA
- PROKARYOTIC (NO NUCLEUS)
- UNICELLULAR
- cell walls LACK PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- instead have PSEUDOPEPTIDOGLYCAN - live in EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
- METHANOGENS
- EXTREME HALOPHILES
- EXTREME THERMOPHILES
*seen around volcano underwater events conversion of usable bioenergy
*most primitive/the ancestors
describe the characteristics of FUNGI
- EUKARYOTES (NUCLEATED)
- cell walls have CHITIN
- can be UNICELLULAR (YEAST) or MULTICELLULAR (MOLD)
- have masses of MYCELIA + filaments called HYPHAE - reproduces SEXUALLY or ASEXUALLY
ENERGY: - ORGANIC CHEMICALS
describe the roles of MOLD (FUNGI)
MULTICELLULAR (MOLD)
- have masses of MYCELIA + filaments called HYPHAE
ROLES:
- important for DECOMPOSITION of dead plants and animals
- the creation of DISEASE-CAUSING TOXINS - MYCOTOXINS
- seen for ALLERGIES
- make PHARMACEUTICALS
describe the benefits of YEAST (FUNGI).
- used to make bread or beer
- can cause DISEASES; vaginosis and thrush
describe the characteristics of PROTOZOA (protist)
- UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
- transport by PSUEDOPODS, FLAGELLA, or CILIA
- has a lot of different SHAPES
- lives free by using ORGANIC COMPOUNDS or be PARASITES
- reproduction SEXUALLY or ASEXUALLY
describe the characteristics of ALGAE (protist)
- EUKARYOTIC
- typically UNICELLULAR
- cell walls are CELLULOSE
- they are PHOTOSYNTHETIC
- need of LIGHT + WATER + CO2 - to produce food, release oxygen and carbs - reproduction SEXUALLY or ASEXUALLY
describe the characteristics of VIRUSES.
- ACELLULAR
- consist of either a DNA or RNA core
- core is surrounded by a PROTEIN COAT
(enclosed in a LIPID ENVELOPE) - REPLICATION ONLY IN A LIVING CELL
describe the characteristics of HELMINTHS (multicellular animal parasites).
- EUKARYOTES
- since they’re multicellular animals–VISIBLE to the NAKED EYE
- HELMINTHS;
- PARASITIC FLATWORMS
- ROUNDWORMS - has microscopic stages in LIFE CYCLES
*example - the parasitic guinea worm–dizziness, vomiitng, diarrhea, painful ulcers
who was ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK?
- the very FIRST person to observe MICROORGANISMS with the more 400 microscopes he constructed
- “ANIMALCULES” - drawings he made of microorganisms
who was ROBERT HOOKE?
- observed the very FIRST CELLS
- was reminded of MONASTERY CELLS
- helped develop the CELL THEORY
what was the CELL THEORY (og) (modern)?
- all LIVING THINGS are composed of cells
- cells are the BASIC unit of STRUCTURE in all organisms
- cells arise from PRE-EXISTING CELLS
MODERN:
1. all cells come from other cells (BIOGENESIS)
2. cells are the FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF ORGANISMS
difference between SPONTANEOUS GENERATION vs. BIOGENESIS
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION:
- hypothesis that living organisms arise from NONLIVING MATTER–“vital force” forms life
ex. maggots in mear, mice in grain, or beetles in dung
BIOGENESIS:
- hypothesis that living organisms arise from PREEXISTING LIFE
how was SPONTANEOUS GENERATION disproved?
EXPERIMENTS:
- REDI: maggots and jar of meat experiment
- use of sealed/unsealed/net jars to show creation of maggots from exposure to air
- NEEDHAM: boiled nutrient broth experiment
- boiling of broth, close/open flasks
who was LOUIS PASTEUR?
- FRENCH chemist and FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
- helped disprove SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
- airborne microorganisms were cause of disease - identified DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS
- cause of silkworm eggs and post-partum infections (Group A streptococci) - DEVELOPED VACCINES
- chicken cholera, rabies, anthrax
describe the PASTEUR experiment
- use of a LONG-NECKED/S-SHAPE flask in the broth
- boiling of broth so NO MICROORGANISMS were present
- NO MICROORGANISMS present even after long period
