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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Exam One: Part One > Flashcards

Exam One: Part One Flashcards

1
Q

definition of MICROORGANISMS

A
  • MICROORGANISMS:
    minute living things that are too small to see with the human eye
  • often measured within the METRIC SYSTEM (around 1-3 micrometers long)
    (compared to viruses that are even smaller!!)
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2
Q

what is the difference between a MICROORGANISM vs. GERM?

A

MICROORGANISMS:
- organisms that are just TOO SMALL to be seen with the UNAIDED EYE
GERMS:
RAPIDLY GROWING CELL

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3
Q

what are the specific ROLES MICROBES play within our world (6)?

A

ROLES:
- extremely important in terms of our ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH

  1. PRODUCTION of INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
    - ethanol and acetone
  2. helps with the DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC WASTE
    - breaks down complex material into simpler material
  3. SUPPORTS ECOSYSTEM by PHOTOSYNTHESIS
    - base of our FOOD CHAIN within the OCEAN
  4. production of FERMENTED FOODS
    - ex. VINEGAR, CHEESE, and BREAD
  5. PRODUCING PRODUCTS (MANUFACTURING) + DISEASE TREATMENT
    - ex. insulin & cellulase
    - insulin gene + E. coli bacteria = insulin factory (used to get insulin from pigs–didn’t bond well with humans)
  6. PROTECTION from pathogenic microorganisms/IMMUNITY
    - 1.3x more microbes > human cells
    - over 10,000 different microbial species
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4
Q

why is the KNOWLEDGE OF MICROBES important (4)?

A
  • prevention of FOOD SPOILAGE
  • prevention of DISEASE OCCURRENCE + TREATMENT
  • develop novel methods to CLEAN UP TOXIC WASTE
  • prevent DISEASE TRANSMISSION–ASEPTIC METHOD
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5
Q

how do we name organisms through SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE?

A
  • referred to with two names; the GENUS (always capitalized) and SPECIES (lowercase)
  • typically DESCRIPTIVE or named after a scientist
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6
Q

what are the THREE PARTS OF THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM?

A
  • BACTERIA
  • ARCHAEA
  • EUKARYA
    *classification system is just the bacteria’s type/family basically
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7
Q

what are the types of MICROORGANISMS (7)?

A
  • BACTERIA
  • ARCHAEA
  • FUNGI
  • PROTOZOA (protists)
  • ALGAE (protists)
  • VIRUSES
  • HELMINTHS
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8
Q

describe the characteristics of BACTERIA

A
  • small SINGLE CELLED organisms
  • PROKARYOTES (NO NUCLEUS)
  • PEPTIDOGLYCAN cell walls
  • reproduction through BINARY FISSION
  • a lot of them can SWIM–FLAGELLA

ENERGY:
- ORGANIC CHEMICALS
- INORGANIC CHEMICALS
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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9
Q

briefly describe BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY

A

COCCI
- round-circular like shape
- ex. diplococci, streptococci, or staphylococci
BACILLI
- rod-like, column-like shapes
- chain of bacilli, spore-former etc..
OTHERS
- have flagella or other extensions/worm-like

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10
Q

describe the characteristics of ARCHAEA

A
  • PROKARYOTIC (NO NUCLEUS)
  • UNICELLULAR
  • cell walls LACK PEPTIDOGLYCAN
    - instead have PSEUDOPEPTIDOGLYCAN
  • live in EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
    - METHANOGENS
    - EXTREME HALOPHILES
    - EXTREME THERMOPHILES
    *seen around volcano underwater events conversion of usable bioenergy
    *most primitive/the ancestors
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11
Q

describe the characteristics of FUNGI

A
  • EUKARYOTES (NUCLEATED)
  • cell walls have CHITIN
  • can be UNICELLULAR (YEAST) or MULTICELLULAR (MOLD)
    - have masses of MYCELIA + filaments called HYPHAE
  • reproduces SEXUALLY or ASEXUALLY
    ENERGY:
  • ORGANIC CHEMICALS
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12
Q

describe the roles of MOLD (FUNGI)

A

MULTICELLULAR (MOLD)
- have masses of MYCELIA + filaments called HYPHAE

ROLES:
- important for DECOMPOSITION of dead plants and animals
- the creation of DISEASE-CAUSING TOXINS - MYCOTOXINS
- seen for ALLERGIES
- make PHARMACEUTICALS

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13
Q

describe the benefits of YEAST (FUNGI).

A
  • used to make bread or beer
  • can cause DISEASES; vaginosis and thrush
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14
Q

describe the characteristics of PROTOZOA (protist)

A
  • UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
  • transport by PSUEDOPODS, FLAGELLA, or CILIA
  • has a lot of different SHAPES
  • lives free by using ORGANIC COMPOUNDS or be PARASITES
  • reproduction SEXUALLY or ASEXUALLY
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15
Q

describe the characteristics of ALGAE (protist)

A
  • EUKARYOTIC
  • typically UNICELLULAR
  • cell walls are CELLULOSE
  • they are PHOTOSYNTHETIC
    - need of LIGHT + WATER + CO2 - to produce food, release oxygen and carbs
  • reproduction SEXUALLY or ASEXUALLY
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16
Q

describe the characteristics of VIRUSES.

A
  • ACELLULAR
  • consist of either a DNA or RNA core
  • core is surrounded by a PROTEIN COAT
    (enclosed in a LIPID ENVELOPE)
  • REPLICATION ONLY IN A LIVING CELL
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17
Q

describe the characteristics of HELMINTHS (multicellular animal parasites).

A
  • EUKARYOTES
  • since they’re multicellular animals–VISIBLE to the NAKED EYE
  • HELMINTHS;
    - PARASITIC FLATWORMS
    - ROUNDWORMS
  • has microscopic stages in LIFE CYCLES

*example - the parasitic guinea worm–dizziness, vomiitng, diarrhea, painful ulcers

18
Q

who was ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK?

A
  • the very FIRST person to observe MICROORGANISMS with the more 400 microscopes he constructed
  • “ANIMALCULES” - drawings he made of microorganisms
19
Q

who was ROBERT HOOKE?

A
  • observed the very FIRST CELLS
    • was reminded of MONASTERY CELLS
  • helped develop the CELL THEORY
20
Q

what was the CELL THEORY (og) (modern)?

A
  1. all LIVING THINGS are composed of cells
  2. cells are the BASIC unit of STRUCTURE in all organisms
  3. cells arise from PRE-EXISTING CELLS

MODERN:
1. all cells come from other cells (BIOGENESIS)
2. cells are the FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF ORGANISMS

21
Q

difference between SPONTANEOUS GENERATION vs. BIOGENESIS

A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION:
- hypothesis that living organisms arise from NONLIVING MATTER–“vital force” forms life
ex. maggots in mear, mice in grain, or beetles in dung

BIOGENESIS:
- hypothesis that living organisms arise from PREEXISTING LIFE

22
Q

how was SPONTANEOUS GENERATION disproved?

A

EXPERIMENTS:
- REDI: maggots and jar of meat experiment
- use of sealed/unsealed/net jars to show creation of maggots from exposure to air

  • NEEDHAM: boiled nutrient broth experiment
  • boiling of broth, close/open flasks
23
Q

who was LOUIS PASTEUR?

A
  • FRENCH chemist and FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
  • helped disprove SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
    - airborne microorganisms were cause of disease
  • identified DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS
    - cause of silkworm eggs and post-partum infections (Group A streptococci)
  • DEVELOPED VACCINES
    - chicken cholera, rabies, anthrax
24
Q

describe the PASTEUR experiment

A
  • use of a LONG-NECKED/S-SHAPE flask in the broth
  • boiling of broth so NO MICROORGANISMS were present
  • NO MICROORGANISMS present even after long period
25
Q

how important was PASTEUR in terms of fermentation and pasteurization?

A

PASTEURIZATION:
the application of a high heat for a short time

PASTEUR showed microbes were responsible for FERMENTATION
- conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
- spoilage of food

26
Q

what is the GERM THEORY of DISEASE?

A

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE:
- many diseases are caused by the presence and action of MICROORGANISMS
- LISTER:
- used a CHEMICAL DISINFECTANT (PHENOL) to STERILIZE surgical equipment and clean wounds–prevents infections

examples;
- BASSI - silkworm disease caused by FUNGUS
- SEMMELWEIS - prevent transmission of fever from one patient to another through HANDWASHING
- PASTEUR: - microbes are in the air, can spoil food, an cause animal diseases

27
Q

what were KOCH’S POSTULATES?

A
  • came from ROBERT KOCH

KOCH’S POSTULATE:
- first SCIENTIFIC PROOF that bacteria does come from disease
- proved that a bacterium causes ANTHRAX

EXPERIMENTAL STEPS:
1. microorganisms are isolated from a dead animal
2. sample grown in PURE CULTURE/ identified in MICROSCOPE
3. microorganisms are injected into a HEALTHY ANIMAL
4. disease is REPRODUCED in the second animal; sample is then ISOLATED
5. same step as #2

*HIV was an exception sample to this

28
Q

who was EDWARD JENNER?

A
  • important in terms of analysis of VACCINATION
  • JENNER:
  • INOCULATED a person with COWPOX VIRUS, who was then protected from SMALLPOX
  • 70 years before Koch
  • protection was called IMMUNITY
29
Q

describe the TREATMENT process for disease

A
  • want to find chemical substances that can DESTROY the microorganism without hurting the infected animal or human

TWO GROUPS:
- ANTIBIOTICS
- SYNTHETIC DRUGS

30
Q

describe SYNTHETIC DRUGS

A

SYNTHETIC DRUGS:
- chemicals prepared in a LABORATORY
- speculation about a “magic bullet” that destroys PATHOGENS without harming the host
- development of a SYNTHETIC ARSENIC DRUG (SALVARSAN) to treat syphilis
- SULFONAMIDES were synthesized
- saves lots of soldiers in WWII

31
Q

describe the characteristics of ANTIBIOTICS

A

ANTIBIOTICS:
chemicals NATURALLY PRODUCED by BACTERIA or FUNGI that have ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES

ALEXANDER FLEMING
- discovered the very first ANTIBIOTIC
- observed that PENICILLIUM FUNGUS made an antibiotic – PENICILLIN–killed S. aureus

  • was soon tested clinically and mass-produced in the 1940s
32
Q

what is the STUDY of MICROORGANISMS called?

A
  • Bacteriology
  • mycology
  • parasitology
  • virology
    all really depends on what you’re studying
33
Q

describe BACTERIOLOGY

A

BACTERIOLOGY:
the study of bacteria

really began with VAN LEEWNHOOKE
- identified bacteria and their role in DISEASE, FOOD, and ENVIRONMENT
- discovering new bacteria; Thiomargarita namibien

seeing BIOFILMS
- attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
- will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth and medical implants

34
Q

describe MYCOLOGY

A

MYCOLOGY;
- the study of FUNGI

lots of increase of FUNGAL INFECTIONS for over the past TEN YEARS
- 10% increase of infections
- cause due to CLIMATE CHANGE

35
Q

describe PARASITOLOGY

A

PARASITOLOGY:
- the study of PROTOZOA and PARASITIC WORMS

  • cause due to CLEARING OF RAIN FORESTS
36
Q

describe VIROLOGY

A

the study of viruses

tobacco mosaic virus–could pass through bacteria filtering aspects
- electron microscopes

37
Q

importance of BIOTECHNOLOGY

A

the use of microbes to PRODUCE FOODS is centuries old

  • new technique of RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
38
Q

what is RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY?

A
  • new TECHNIQUE for BIOTECH, enables BACTERIA and FUNGI to produce a variety of PROTEINS (VACCINES AND ENZYMES)
    • INSULIN/INTERLEUKIN 2/HGH
    • missing/defective genes - GENE THERAPY
    • GENETICALLY MODIFIED BACTERIA to protect crops from insects and from freezing
39
Q

importance of NORMAL MICROBIOTA

A

NORMAL MICROBIOTA:
- MICROBES normally present in and on the HUMAN BODY
- production of GROWTH FACTORS - FOLIC ACID and VITAMIN K
- prevents GROWTH OF PATHOGENS
- plays role in our IMMUNE SYSTEM

40
Q

what is RESISTANCE

A

the ability of the body to ward off disease

  • can use physical barriers, WBCS,

bacteria has the ability to cause disease because of its PATHOGENICITY

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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