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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Microbial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

definition of GROWTH

A

an INCREASE IN SIZE
in terms of MICROBIAL GROWTH–meaning INCREASE IN NUMBER

BACTERIA:
see growth on SOLID SURFACES
- colony
- biofilm

LIQUID:
- increase in # of BACTERIAL CELLS leading to TURBIDITY

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2
Q

definition of AUTOTROPHS

A
  • PRODUCES their OWN FOOD
  • obtains their CARBON from INORGANIC SUBSTANCES such as CARBON DIOXIDE
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3
Q

definition of HETEROTROPHS

A
  • CANNOT SYNTHESIZE their OWN FOOD
  • depends on OTHER ORGANISMS for FOOD/CARBON SOURCE
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4
Q

definition of PHOTOTROPHS vs. CHEMOTROPHS

A

PHOTOTROPHS:
organisms that capture PROTONS in ORDER to ACQUIRE ENERGY–SUNLIGHT is MAIN ENERGY SOURCE

CHEMOTROPHS:
organisms which obtain energy by OXIDIZING ELECTRON DONOR–OXIDIZING ENERGY of CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS is MAIN ENERGY SOURCE

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5
Q

definition of PHOTOAUTOTROPHS vs. CHEMOAUTOTROPHS

A

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS:
- uses LIGHT as ENERGY SOURCE
- uses CAROBON DIOXIDE as CARBON SOURCE (INORGANIC SUBSTANCES)

CHEMOAUTOTROPHS:
- uses CHEMICALS as ENERGY SOURCE
- uses CARBON DIOSIDE as CARBON SOURCE (INORGANIC SUBSTANCES)

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6
Q

definition of PHOTOHETEROTROPHS vs CHEMOHETEROTROPHS

A

PHOTOHETEROTROPHS:
- uses LIGHT as ENERGY SOURCE
- uses ORGANIC COMPOUNDS from OTHER ORGANISMS
*example–CHLOROFLEXUS (THERMOPHILE)

CHEMOHETEROTROPHS:
- uses CHEMICALS/CHEMICAL REACTIONS as ENERGY SOURCE
- uses ORGANIC COMPOUNDS from OTHER ORGANISMS
*example–most bacteria fall into this category (such as PROTOZOA, FUNGI, and ANIMALS)

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7
Q

AEROBES

A
  • REQUIRES OXYGEN
  • use of TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR (helps with breakdown and growth)
    *EXAMPLE–PSEUDOMONADS
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8
Q

OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

A
  • requires TERMINAL ELECTRION ACCEPTORS OTHER THAN OXYGEN
  • **STRICT REQUIREMENT–OXYGEN IS POISONOUS TO THEM!!!
    *EXAMPLE–CLOSTRIDUM
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9
Q

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

A
  • both considered to be AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC
  • uses OXYGEN when PRESENT but can STILL GROW WITHOUT
  • EFFICIENCY BEGINS TO DECREASE WITH ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
    *EXAMPLE: E. COLI

SOD +
CATALASE +

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10
Q

AEROTOLERANT

A
  • grows ANAEROBICALLY or AEROBICALLY
  • OXYGEN has NO EFFECT
  • emplyts ENZYMES for DETOXIFICATION of OXYGEN
    *EXAMPLE–LACTOBACILLUS SPP.

SOD +
CATALASE -

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11
Q

MICROAEROPHILES

A
  • grows only AEROBICALLY
  • has VERY LOW OXYGEN CONC.
  • *EXAMPLE–H. PYLORI
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12
Q

describe OXYGEN and OXYGEN SPECIES + which ENZYMES help with DETOXIFICATION?

A

OXYGEN
- steals ELECTRONS
- has FOUR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (known as ROS

  1. SINGLE O2
    - CAROTENOIDS
  2. SUPEROXIDE RADICAL O2
    - SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
  3. PEROXIDE ANIONS O2 (2-)
    - CATALASES (water and oxygen)
    - PEROXIDASES (water and NAD+)
  4. HYDROXYL RADICALS (OH-)
    - GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE (GPx)
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13
Q

describe SINGLET O2

A
  • normal MOLECULAR OXYGEN that has been BOOSTED to a HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL
  • REACTIVE towards ORGANIC MOLECULES–causes PHOTO DAMAGE
  • present within PHOTOTROPHS
  • quenched by CAROTENOIDS
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14
Q

describe SUPEROXIDE RADIAL O2-

A
  • formed in SMALL AMOUNTS during NORMAL RESPIRATION
  • TOXIC to CELLULAR COMPONENTS
  • is an AEROBIC ORGANISM and PRODUCES an ENZYME (SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE)
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15
Q

describe PEROXIDE ANIONS O2 (2-)

A
  • specific H2O2 REMAINDERS from SODs
  • TOXIC
  • enzymes of CATALASES and PEROXIDASES
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16
Q

describe HYDROXYL RADICALS (OH-)

A
  • an INTERMEDIATE FORM OF OXYGEN
  • formed in SMALL AMOUNTS during NORMAL RESPIRATION but they are TRANSIENT
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17
Q

what are the PHYSICAL FACTORS that AFFECT GROWTH?

A

specific conditions that can PERMIT or INHIBIT GROWTH
- OSMOLARITY
- TEMPERATURE
- PH

18
Q

describe TEMPERATURE and the EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE

A

GROWTH TEMPERATURES:
- MINIMUM GROWTH
- MAXIMUM GROWTH
- OPTIMUM GROWTH

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURES:
- PROTEIN STRUCTURE
3d vs. DENATURATION
- CELLULAR CONFIGURATION
can melt or become more loose–cannot control what’s going in or out

19
Q

what are the types of GROWTH TEMPERATURES?

A

MINIMUM GROWTH TEMP:
- the LOWEST TEMP at which MICROBE CAN CONDUCT METABOLISM

OPTIMAL GROWTH TEMP:
- OPTIMAL GROWTH RATE

MAXIMUM GROWTH TEMP:
- HIGHEST TEMP at which MICROBE can CONDUCT METABOLISM

20
Q

describe the types of MICROORGANISMS contrasted with their relate environments of TEMPERATURE (4)

A

PSYCHROPHILES:
- COLD LOVING (5 - 20 degrees, optimal growth 15)

MESOPHILES:
- MODERATE TEMP LOVING
- optimal; 25-40
- the MOST COMMON

THERMOPHILES:
- HEAT LOVING (50-60)
- CANNOT GROW below 45

HYPERTHERMOPHILES:
- EXTREME HEAT LOVING
- seen often in hot springs or volcanoes
- HIGHEST TEMP RECORDED–121

21
Q

describe pH

A
  • specific SCALE

PROTEIN STRUCTURE:
- 3D vs. DENATURATION

types of BACTERIAL GROUPS:
ACIODPHILES:
- obligates
- acid-tolerant
ALKALINOPHILES

*can often buffer within media

22
Q

describe OSMOTIC PRESSURE

A
  • where MICROORGANISMS obtain nutrients from WATER–water here is the SOLVENT
  • have OSMOTIC EFFECTS:
  • ISOTONIC; no net movement
  • HYPOTONIC; water moving IN–cause of SWELLING (osmotic lysis)
  • HYPERTONIC; water moving OUT–cause of SHRINKING (plasmolysis
23
Q

describe types of MICROORGANISMS contrasted their related environments of OSMOTIC PRESSURE

A

EXTREME HALOPHILES/OBLIGATE HALOPHILES:
- requires around 30% SALINITY
- found in the DEAD SEA or GREAT SALT LAKE
- can see sometimes in saline solution for inoculating loops

FACULTATIVE HALOPHILES:
- MORE COMMON–DOES NOT REQUIRE HIGH SALT CONC
- around 2 - 15&

24
Q

isotonic solution

A

0.9% salinity

25
Q

what are BIOFILMS?

A

a THIN SLIMY LAYER OF BACTERIA that ADHERE to a SURFACE
- begins from a FREE SWIMMNG FORM that then ATTACHES to SURFACE
- begins to SECRETE an EXTRACELLULAR COATING–covers the bacteria

26
Q

describe BIOFILMS’ STRUCTURE and SIGNALING

A
  • has a 3d STRUCTURE
  • has INTERDEPENDENCE; CELL to CELL SIGNALING known as QUORUM SENSING (cells begin to COORDINATE in response to ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
  • bacteria begin to MIMICK MULTICELlUlAR + PREFORM COMPLEX TASKS
  • formation of a FUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY
  • creation of PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
27
Q

what are BIOFILM’s role within the HUMAN BODY? are there any CONCERNS?

A

HUMAN BODY:
(POSITIVE ROLE) - lines our INTESTINAL and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

(DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS)
- PLAQUES on TEETH–DECAY
- WOUND INFECTIONS
**PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA–forms in AIRWAYS of PATIENTS with CYSTIC FIBROSIS–creation of CHRONIC + FATAL LUNG INFECTIONS

CONCERNS:
- have HIGH ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
- deep layers of biofilm have LESS METABOLIC ACTIVITY–LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO ANTIBIOTICS
- greater protective CELLULAR COATING
- increased production of PUMPS that EXTRUDE ANTIBIOTICS

28
Q

definition of CULTURE MEDIA

A

nutrient material used to GROW BACTERIA in a LAB

29
Q

types of media we have

A

solid (plates) and liquid (broth)

30
Q

what are the MEDIA CONTENTS and describe types of SOLID MEDIA

A
  • media can various types of nutrients DEPENDING on what we think is a GOOD SOURCE OF NUTRITION for the number of DIFFERENT BACTERIA

SOLID MEDIA:
- AGAR
made of COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDE and CELL WALLS of RED ALGAE
- MICROBES CANNOT DIGEST AGAR :)
- can DISSOLVE at over 100 C
(keeps nutrients INTACT–used for THERMOPHILES
- begins to SOLDIFY below 40 C
(safe for additives–most bacteria can withstand temp)

31
Q

types of media types (chart)

A
  • DEFINED
    EXACT COMP is KNOWN
  • COMPLEX
    contains DIGESTIVE PRODUCTS from YEAST, BEEF, SOY, or MILK
  • SELECTIVE
    has COMPOSITION FAVORS ORGANISMS or INHIBITS UNWANTED ONES
  • DIFFERENTIAL
    allows for COMPARISION and CONTRASTS ORGANISMS GROWN
32
Q

describe the STEPS of BINARY FISSION

A

STEPS:
1. DNA is first REPLICATEd and ATTACHED to CELL MEMBRANE
2. CELL ELONGATES
3. NEW CELL MEMBRANE FORMS MIDLINE
4. CELL SEPARATES or remains ATTACHED as SEPARATE ENTITIES

33
Q

defintion of GENERATION TIME (DOUBLING TIME)

A

the time it tales to go from ONE CELL to TWO

34
Q

describe the GROWTH CURVE PHASES

A
  1. LAG PHASE
    - the ADJUSTMENT TIME; cells here are beginning to just GEAR UP
    - number of cells DOES NOT CHANGE
  2. LOG (EXPONENTIAL)
    - BACTERIA STARTS to GROW and DIVIDE
    - ACTIVE DIVISION = NUMBER OF CELLS INCREASING
  3. STATIONARY
    - NUTRIENTS ARE NOW DEPLETED–waste products are starting to ACCUMULATE
    - CELL DEATH = CELL RENEWAL
    - the METABOLISM starts to SLOW DOWN and PRODUCTS important for survival
  4. DEATH (DECLINE)
    - MORE WASTE BUILD-UP
    - making TOXIC ENVIRONMENT–DEATH
35
Q

s. aureus and VIRULENCE FACTORS

A

initiates production of ENZYMES that break down HUMAN TISSUE to CLEAR WAY for BACTERIA to SPREAD

36
Q

what are the WAYS TO MEASURE GROWTH?

A

DIRECT:
(WITH INCUBATION)
- PLATE COUNTS
- MEMBRANE FILTRATION
- MOST PROBABLE NUMBER

(WITHOUT INCUBATION)
- MICROSCOPIC COUNTS
- ELECTRONIC COUNTS

INDIRECT:
- TURBIDITY (MOST COMMON)
- METABOLIC ACTIVITY (measure pop. metabolic activity–certain METAOLIC PRODUCT is in DIRECT PROP. to NUMBER OF BACTERIA)
- DRY WEIGHT (used for FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA/MOLD, BROTH CULTURES, and DESSICATED/WEIGHED)
- GENETIC (PCR)

37
Q

what do SERIAL DILUTIONS determine?

A

determines COLONY FORMING UNITS (CFUs)

38
Q

describe MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN)

A

MPN:
a STATISTICAL METHOD that is BASED ON DILUTIONS
- often used for WATER and FOOD SAMPLES
- series of 2 DILUTIONS and 5 REPLICATES
- depends on BACTERIAL GROWTH and DETECTS GROWTH on TURBIDITY
- will then use COMPARISION vs. TABLE

39
Q

describe MEMBRANE FILTRATION

A
  • used for LOW DENSITY/CONCENTRATION POPULATIONS
  • use of LARGE LIQUID VOLUMES and poured onto a MEMBRANE–and begins to retain cells through FILTER (pore size < cell size)
  • MEMBRANE is then transferred and incubated
40
Q

describe MICROSCOPY COUNTS

A

use of MICROSCOPE and CELL-COUNTER known as the PETROFF-HAISSER COUNTING CHAMBER
- begins to CALCULATE BACK AVERAGE # of CELLS PER SQUARE

LIMITATIONS:
- need at least 10 MIL of cells/mL
- CELL VIABILITY–cannot distinguish between dead and live cells

41
Q

describe ELECTRONIC COUNTER

A

use of CURRENT INTERRUPTION through a GLASS CHAMBER
- use of a COULTER COUNTER;
cell enters glass and begins to change electrical resistance
- has CELL VIABILITY
- if culture is too DENSE–can be INACCURATE

42
Q

describe TURBIDITY

A

looking at how CELL GROWTH CHANGES DENSITY within LIQUID
- measuring percent light VIA the SPECTROPHOTOMETER
- lookst at TRANSMISSIOn and ABSORPTION

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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