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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Genetics Part 1 > Flashcards

Genetics Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

function of NUCLEIC ACIDS + where are they found?

A
  • Essential to FORMS OF LIFE
  • found in DNA + RNA
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2
Q

What are MACROMOLECULES?

A
  • composed of specific MONOMERS—make up a NUCLEOTIDE
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3
Q

What THREE COMPONENTS make up a NUCLEOTIDE?

A
  • 5-CARBON SUGAR
    (Either ribose or deoxyribose)
  • PHOSPHATE GROUP
  • NITROGENOUS BASE
    • adenine
    • cytosine
    • thymine
    • guanine
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4
Q

Describe DNA POLYMERIZATION

how are NUCLEOTIDES BONDED?

What are the RESULTS?

A

DNA POLYMERIZATION:
- the creation of a SINGLE STRAND OF DNA with TWO DIFFERENT ENDS
(5’ & 3’ strands)

NUCLEOTIDES:
- bonded through DEHYDRATION REACTIONS

RESULTS:
- SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
- NITROGENOUS BASES —stick out from backbone
- PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS (links the DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES) :)

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5
Q

What’s DNA’s STRUCTURE within the CELL?

A

Consists of TWO NUCLEOTIDE STRANDS that are specifically COILED around each other— DOUBLE HELIX

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6
Q

Describe the FOUR NITROGENOUS BASES OF DNA

A

PURINES:
- ADENINE
- GUANINE

PYRIMIDINES:
- CYTOSINE
- THYMINE

PAIRINGS:
A + T
C + G
**held together by HYDROGEN BONDS

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7
Q

Describe the BASE PAIRING IN DNA–C+A

A

BASE PAIRING:
- important in terms that DNA PAIRING is defined as COMPLEMENTARY & ANTIPARALLEL

COMPLEMENTARITY:
- important for the PRECISE DUPLICATION OF DNA during CELL DIVISION
- the sequence of ONE STRAND can help determine the OTHER SEQUENCE
STRAND

ANTIPARALLEL:
- the HEAD of one strand is laid against the TAIL of the other strand
- important in terms of REPLICATION—strands can REPLICATE DIFFERENTLY

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8
Q

Describe the CHARACTERISTICS OF RNA

A

RNA:
- SINGLE STRANDED

NUCLEOTIDES:
- different nucleotide: URACIL REPLACES THYMINE

FUNCTION:
- CONVERTS GENETIC INFORMATION into PROTEINS
* mRNA
* tRNA
*rRNA

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9
Q

what is GENETICS?

A

GENETICS:
- the study of HEREDITY
- the study of GENES—how they carry information that makes US
- how that information is REPLICATED to be passed down to other GENERATIONS
- how they make PROTEINS necessary for LIFE

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10
Q

What is a GENOME?

A

The genetic information in a cell (seen either within a CHROMOSOME or PLASMID)

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11
Q

what are CHROMOSOMES?

A

DNA CONTAINING STRUCTURES that contain all of our GENETIC INFORMATION in the form of GENES

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12
Q

what are GENES?

A

segments of DNA that code for a FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN or RNA

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13
Q

describe the EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE

A

STRUCTURE:
- shape is LINEAR
- has TWO COPIES PRESENT or SINGLE COPY
- these specific linear strands of DNA begin to WRAP AROUND HISTONES + PROTEINS = CHROMOSOMES
- also has NON-CODING REGIONS on the CHROMOSOME

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14
Q

describe the BACTERIA CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE

A

STRUCTURE:
- seen within the CYTOPLASM
- the CHROMOSOMES are CIRCULAR
(only SINGLE COPY)
- DNA is SUPERCOILED

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15
Q

definition of GENOTYPE

A

the GENETIC MAKEUP of an ORGANISM
- POTENTIAL properties

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16
Q

definition of PHENOTYPE

A

an organism’s OBSERVABLE TRAITS and CHARACTERISTICS
- the ACTUAL EXPRESSED properties

17
Q

definition of GENOMICS

A

the SEQUENCING and MOLECULAR characterization of GENOMES

18
Q

describe the DNA’s GENETIC CODE

A

GENETIC CODE:
- based on the actual LINEAR SEQUENCE of the bases (ATCG)
(gives the information that tells the cell WHAT PROTEINS to MAKE)
- creation of the SET OF RULES by which DNA is translated into PROTEINS
(DNA to RNA to PROTEINS)

**all of this processes undergo the pathway of the CENTRAL DOGMA

19
Q

describe the CENTRAL DOGMA and its PATHWAY

A

CENTRAL DOGMA:
- describes the FLOW of INFORMATION from DNA > RNA > PROTEINS

*again, DNA has all of the INFORMATION needed to make PROTEINS

PATHWAY—
DNA (TRANSCRIBED) > mRNA

mRNA:
- the MESSENGER of INFORMATION

mRNA (TRANSLATED) > PROTEINS

20
Q

definition of PROTEINS

A

PROTEINS:
the FUNCTIONAL UNITS of LIFE (in terms of STRUCTURE, CARRIERS, and ENZYMES)

21
Q

what is REPLICATION

A

REPLICATION:
- when ONE CELL separates into TWO
DNA must be REPLICATED FAITHFULLY for BOTH DAUGHTER CELLS

**DNA - DOUBLE STRANDED
PARENT dsDNA:
- the ORIGINAL “old” strand becomes the TEMPLATE
- production of TWO NEW COMPLEMENTARY STRANDS

22
Q

what is SEMI-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION?

A

PARENT dsDNA:
- again we have the original “OLD” strand–the TEMPLATE
- production of two NEW ALTERNATING COMPLEMENTARY STRANDS
- each daughter INHERITS ONE NEW STRAND + ONE OLD STRAND

23
Q

describe and list the REPLICATION STEPS

A

START:
- the ORIGIN of REPLICATION
- the start of the new synthesis of DNA REPLICATION–remember it always starts from 5’ to 3’

*PROKARYOTES–has ONE ORIGIN
*EUKARYOTES–has MULTIPLE ORIGINS

STEPS:
- UNWIND
- UNZIP
- PRIME
- REPLICATE

24
Q

what are the COMPLEMENTARY ENZYMES that CORRELATE to the REPLICATION STEPS?

A

UNWIND:
- DNA GYRASE
helps with RELAXING the SUPERCOILING of the DNA

UNZIP:
- DNA HELICASE
unwinds the DNA HELIX–and begins to OPEN the dsDNA (the origin of replication, along the replication fork)

PRIME:
- RNA PRIMASE
specific INDICATOR with a PRIMER RNA with 5’ to 3’ –begins to START a SMALL SECTION of RNA (before the start of replication)

REPLICATE:
- DNA POLYMERASE
enzyme that begins to SYNTHESIZE the NEW STRANDS **we can only add NUCLEOTIDES to 3’ END–can only ELONGATE 5’ to 3’

25
Q

what is the DIRECTION of REPLICATION?

A

bidirectional

26
Q

How ACCURATE is DNA REPLICATION?

A
  • amazingly accurate; ERROR RATE is 1 in 10 BILLION BASES
  • have specific PROOF READING by DNA POLYMERASE; incorporates NUCLEOTIDES with every NTP + checks base pairings and FIXES MISTAKES
27
Q

What are the DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION?

A

PROKARYOTES—

RNA PRIMER LENGTH: 50 nucleotides

DNA POLYMERASE: I, II, III

NUMBER OF ORIGINS: SINGLE

NUCLEOTIDE LENGTH (OKAZAKI): 1000-2000 NUCLEOTIDES

RATE OF REPLICATION: 500 nucleotides/sec

EUKARYOTES—

RNA PRIMER LENGTH: 9 nucleotides

DNA POLYMERASE: alpha, beta, gamma..?

NUMBER OF ORIGINS: MULTIPLE

NUCLEOTIDE LENGTH (OKAZAKI): 200 NUCLEOTIDES

RATE OF REPLICATION: 50 nucleotides/sec

28
Q

How DO CIRCULAR CHROMOSOMES DIVIDE? What’s an IMPORTANT ENZYME for its DIVISION?

A
  • has own set of DAUGHTER AND PARENT STRAND
  • own junctions of REPLICATION FORKS
  • REPLICATION proceeds in both directions

ENZYME TOPOISOMERASE:
separates the two loops

29
Q

describe the LEADING and LAGGING STRANDS of DNA

A
  • LEADING STRAND:
    • has only ONE PROPER PRIMER RNA
    • steady process/ no stopping segments
  • LAGGING STRAND:
    • cannot have proper primer RNA
    • utilizes in step to step components/segments instead
      • due to the synthesis of primer RNA—has to go from 5’ to 3’

**these primer RNA cannot stay within the strands

  • has editing capabilities to change RNA into DNA
30
Q

function of POLYMERASE I and DNA LIGASE

A
  • POLYMERASE I:
    • removal of RNA by 5’ to 3’ exonuclease
    • fills the gap with DNA
  • DNA LIGASE:
    • joins together the Okazaki fragments

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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