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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Principles of Disease > Flashcards

Principles of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

describe and define the BASICS OF DISEASE

A
  • still everyone can be SUSCEPTIBLE TO PATHOGENS
  • have a DELICATE BALANCE between our DEFENSES and PATHOGENIC AGENTS
  • we get DISEASE if that BALANCE IS DISPALCED
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2
Q

definition of PATHOLOGY

A

the STUDY OF DISEASE–the science of the CAUSES and EFFECTS of DISEASES

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3
Q

definition of ETIOLOGY

A

the CAUSE OF THE DISEASE

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4
Q

definition of PATHOGENESIS

A

the MANNER in which DISEASE DEVELOPS

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5
Q

definition of INFECTION

A

the INVASION and COLONIZATION of the body

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6
Q

definition of DISEASE

A

the symptoms that occur due to INFECTION

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7
Q

describe the relation between INFECTION and DISEASE

A
  • we CAN HAVE AN INFECTION, but NO DISEASE
  • ex. AIDS patients – can be infected with the virus for YEARS, but show NO SYMPTOMS of the disease
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8
Q

describe and define our NORMAL MICROBIOTA

A

NORMAL MICROBIOTA:
- a DIVERSE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY that is associated with the SKIN and MUCOUS MEMBRANES (seen in all humans)
- can AID, HARM, or NEITHER BENEFIT the HOST
- organisms can still CAUSE DISEASE within COMPROMISED HOSTS

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9
Q

what are NOT CONSIDERED MEMBERS of NORMAL MICROBIOTA?

A

viruses and parasites

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10
Q

are BABIES BORN WITH MICROBIOTA?

A

NO!

  • sterile before delivery
  • VAGINAL DELIVERY: Lactobacilli is present within vagina and NEWBORNS HAS CONTACT WITH MICROBIOTA–helps extensively to become the PREDOMINANT ORGANISM within the NEWBORNS INTESTINE
  • baby will continue to be exposed through their environment
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11
Q

how many cells and bacterial cells does the human body have?

A

CELLS: 1 x 10^13 cells
BACTERIAL CELLS: 1 x 10^14 cells

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12
Q

what types of MICROBIOTA DO WE HAVE and where are they FOUND?

A
  • NORMAL MICROBIOTA
  • TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA:
    organisms that are present for a SHORT TIME; from days to months
  • found and LOCALIZED TO CERTAIN REGIONS–can populate depending on periods in an individual’s life
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13
Q

what factors determine where we find our MICROBIOTA?

A
  • NUTRIENTS
  • PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL FACTORS (temp, pH, and oxygen)
  • IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • MECHANICAL FORCES (cilia in trachea, swallowing)
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14
Q

what are the REPRESENTATIVE NORMAL MICROBIOTA IN THE SKIN?

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Corynebacterium spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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15
Q

what are the REPRESENTATIVE NORMAL MICROBIOTA IN THE EYES?

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Propionibacterium
Corynebacterium

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16
Q

what are the REPRESENTATIVE NORMAL MICROBIOTA IN THE NOSE and THROAT?

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pnuemoniae
Neisseria

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17
Q

what are the REPRESENTATIVE NORMAL MICROBIOTA IN THE MOUTH?

A

Actinomyces
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus mutans

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18
Q

what are the REPRESENTATIVE NORMAL MICROBIOTA IN THE LARGE INTESTINE?

A

Escherichia coli
Lactobacillus
Enterobacter
Proteus

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19
Q

what are the REPRESENTATIVE NORMAL MICROBIOTA IN THE URINARY and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM?

A

Staphylococcus
Micrococcus
Clostridium
Candida albicans

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20
Q

does our NORMAL MICROBIOTA vary from person to person?

A

YES!

FACTORS:

  • AGE
  • NUTRITIONAL STATE
  • HEALTH
  • STRESS
  • PERSONAL HYGIENE
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21
Q

what is the GUT-BRAIN AXIS (GBA)?

A

relation between gut to brain:

  • show causes of how the GUT affects the production of NEUROTRANSMITTERS that affect MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS
  • show causes of how the BRAIN and various mental health conditions (ex. anxiety) affects and DISRUPTS GUT MOTILITY
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22
Q

definition of MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM

A

MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM:

  • begins to PROTECT HOST from COLONIZATION by PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS

ex. microbiota within vagina maintains a low pH (INHIBITS GROWTH OF OTHER ORG.)
ex. e. coli production of BACTERIOCINS (INHIBITS GROWTH OF OTHER ORG.)

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23
Q

definition of COMMENSAL SYMBIOSIS

A
  • where one organism BENEFITS while the OTHER IS UNAFFECTED
    ex. Corynebacteria & S. epidermidis
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24
Q

definition of MUTUALISM

A
  • where BOTH ORGANISMS benefit from the relationship
  • ex. E. coli produces VITAMIN K and SOME B VITAMINS – we provide nutrients and shelter for E. coli
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25
Q

definition of OPPORTUNISTIC MICROORGANISMS

A

organisms that DO NOT CAUSE DISEASE in their NORMAL HABITAT within a HEALTHY PERSON but can cause DISEASE IN A DIFF. LOCATION or IMMUNE COMPROMISED HOST

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26
Q

what are some cases of changes within SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS that can cause OPPORTUNISTIC MICROORGANISMS?

A
  • ex. LOCATION MOVEMENT (E. coli can cause disease within URINARY TRACT–UTI)
  • ex. LACK OF COMPETITION antibiotic KQ is removed–Candida takes over mouth
  • ex. COOPERATION BETWEEN ORGANISMS (receptors of periodontal disease + streptococci)
27
Q

describe ETIOLOGY and the various aspects to our knowledge about their CAUSES

A
  • some are WELL KNOWN
    (ex. LYME DISEASE + TB)
  • some are NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD
    (ex. virus + cancer)
  • some are UNKNOWN
    (ex. Alzheimer’s disease)
28
Q

how do we determine the cause of infectious disease?

A
  • Koch’s postulate
  • helps with LINKING OF DISEASE to a SPECIFIC ORGANISM
29
Q

what are some EXCEPTIONS to ETIOLOGY?

A
  1. ORGANISMS cannot be cultured on specific LABORATORY MEDIA (ex. can’t be seen on a petri dish)
  • use of different ALTERNATIVE ARTIFICIAL MEDIAS
  • ex. LEPROSY (Mycobacterium leprae–grown on MOUSE FOOTPAD, ARMADILLO SKIN)
  1. NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS of DISEASE
  • ex. pneumonia is caused by many types of microorganisms
  1. SOME PATHOGENS can cause SEVERAL DISEASES
    - ex. S. pyogenes - can cause sore throat, fever, skin infections etc..
  2. ABSENCE OF ANIMAL MODEL for disease
30
Q

how do we CLASSIFY SYMPTOMS of DISEASE?

A
  • often look at CHANGES IN BODY FUNCTION
  • SUBJECTIVE: patient exp./fatigue/ pain
  • OBJECTIVE: doctors can observe and measure/ fever, swelling, lesions
31
Q

describe TRANSMISSION of INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A

COMMUNICABLE:

  • transmitted either DIRECTLY or INDIRECTLY from host to new host
  • can be CONTAGIOUS (easily spread–ex. chicken pox + measles)

NON-COMMUNICABLE:

  • does NOT SPREAD from one host to another
    (ex. spread of C. tetani through needle)
32
Q

describe OCCURRENCE of INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A
  • terms of INCIDENCE and PREVALENCE
33
Q

definition of INCIDENCE

A

the NUMBER OF PEOPLE who develop disease during a PARTICULAR TIME PERIOD

34
Q

definition of PREVALENCE

A
  • describes how ALL INDIVIDUALS are AFFECTED BY DISEASE at a GIVEN TIME
  • describes HOW WIDESPREAD IT IS
35
Q

what are the types of FREQUENCIES of OCCURENCE of INFECTIOUS DISEASE?

A
  • SPORADIC DISEASE
  • ENDEMIC DISEASE
  • EPIDEMIC DISEASE
  • PANDEMIC
36
Q

definition of SPORADIC DISEASE

A
  • occurs occasionally
  • ex. typhoid fever
37
Q

definition of ENDEMIC DISEASE

A
  • always and CONSTANTLY PRESENT within the population
  • ex. the common cold, rabies in squirrels
38
Q

definition of EPIDEMIC DISEASE

A
  • where MANY PEOPLE in ONE AREA acquires disease
39
Q

definition of PANDEMIC

A
  • an EPIDEMIC DISEASE that occurs worldwide
40
Q

describe the various SEVERITIES and DURATIONS of DISEASE

A

ACUTE:

  • develops RAPIDLY but LASTS a SHORT TIME

CHRONIC:

  • develops SLOWLY and LASTS for a LONG TIME
    ex. mono

LATENT:

  • the causative agents remain HIDDEN and INACTIVE for a TIME before causing disease
    ex. shingles
41
Q

infections can be: (3)

A
  • LOCAL
  • SYSTEMIC
  • FOCAL; infection starts at local site and spreads to the rest of the body
42
Q

definition of PRIMARY INFECTION

A

acute infection causing initial illness

43
Q

definition of SECONDARY INFECTION

A

subsequent infection caused by an OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN that takes advantage of a weakened immune system,

44
Q

definition of SEPSIS and SEPTICEMIA

A

SEPSIS:

  • a TOXIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION that begins to ARISE from SEPTICEMIA

SEPTICEMIA:

  • systemic INFECTION due to PATHOGEN in the bLOOD

types:

  • BACTEREMIA
  • VIREMIA
  • TOXEMIA
45
Q

why are VACCINES so important?

A
  • can help PROVIDE LONG TERM PROTECTION
  • can also PROVIDE HERD IMMUNITY
46
Q

what is HERD IMMUNITY?

A

If the majority of the population is immune to the disease, the nonimmune minority will be protected because there is reduced exposure to the disease

47
Q

what is the SEQUENCE OF EVENTS that occur during infection?

A
  • SOURCE OF PATHOGEN
  • TRANSMISSION TO SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
  • INVASION
  • PATHOGENESIS AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
48
Q

definition of RESERVOIRS OF INFECTION

A

a continual source of the disease causing organism

49
Q

what are our TYPES OF RESERVOIRS?

A
  • HUMAN RESERVOIRS
    (ex. sick people or carries [latent])
  • ANIMAL RESERVOIRS
    (ZOONOSIS–disease in animals and transmitted to humans–ex. rabies, anthrax, and plague)
  • NON-LIVING RESERVOIRS
    (ex. soil–ring worm/C. tetani, water–vibrio/amoeba)
50
Q

what are the types of TRANSMISSION (3)?

A

DIRECT CONTACT:

  • have person to person transmission through PHYSICAL CONTACT between the source and susceptible host

INDIRECT CONTACT:

  • transmission from the SOURCE TO HOST by NON-LIVING OBJECTS known as FORMITES

DROPLET CONTACT:

  • presence of MUCUS DROPLETS that TRAVEL SHORT DISTANCES ex. like coughing or sneezing
51
Q

definition of VEHICLE TRANSMISSION (3)

A

disease that is transported by a MEDIUM

such as WATERBORNE

  • ex. poorly treated sewage

FOODBORNE

  • under cooked or poorly refrigerated

AIRBORNE
- droplets or dust particles

52
Q

definition of VECTORS and what TYPE OF VECTORS do we have?

A

animals that carry pathogens from ONE HOST to ANOTHER

TYPES:

  • MECHANICAL (organism that is JUST CARRIED by the VECTOR)
  • BIOLOGICAL (organism DIVIDES and GROWS in VECTOR)
53
Q

describe the (5) PERIODS within DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. INCUBATION PERIOD
  • the INTERVAL between INFECTION and FIRST APPERANCE of SYMPTOMS (variable and contagious at this stage)
  1. PRODROMAL PERIOD
  • short period; showing of EARLY MILD SYMPTOMS
  1. PERIOD OF ILLNESS
  • showing of SEVERE SYMPTOMS
  1. PERIOD OF DECLINE
  • SUBSIDING SIGNS of disease
  • RECOVERY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM–susceptible still to secondary infection
  1. CONVALESCENCE
54
Q

what are some PREDISPOSING FACTORS that can make one SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASE (6)?

A
  • GENDER
  • GENETICS
  • NUTRITION
  • AGE
  • LIFESTYLE
  • PREEXISTING ILLNESS
55
Q

describe HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS HAIS

A

specific infections that one gets while getting TREATMENT at a HEALTH CARE FACILITY–also known as NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

  • around 1 in 25 patients have at least ONE HAI
56
Q

what are the THREE FACTORS INVOLVED IN HIAS?

A
  • MICROORGANISMS within a HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT
  • COMPROMISED HOST
  • CHAIN OF TRANSMISSION
57
Q

why are HAIs so prevalent in hospitals? Why doesn’t regular rotations of medicine work to kill them off?

A
  • patients are NOW COMPROMISED within their IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • MICROORGANISMS can become ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT–so commonly seen in hospitals
58
Q

definition of COMPROMISED HOST

A

host whose resistance to infection is DECREASED due to disease or therapy

59
Q

what are the TWO MAIN CONDITIONS where the HOST IS COMPROMISED?

A
  1. BROKEN SKIN or MUCUS
  • seen in wounds, burns, ventilators, or other invasive procedures
  1. SUPPRESSED IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • drug/radiation therapy, steroids, diabetes, leukemia etc..
60
Q

how can we CONTROL the SPREAD OF HAIS?

A
  • have to REDUCE THE NUMBER OF MICROORGANISMS
  • use of HANDWASHING!!
61
Q

definition of EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES and why are they INCREASING?

A

EMI:

  • NEW INFECTIONS or OLD ONES that are CHANGING and SHOWING INCREASED INCIDENCE

FACTORS:

  • NEW STRAINS
  • GLOBAL WARMING
  • NEW AREAS OF SPREAD due to MODERN TRANSPORT
  • ECOLOGICAL CHANGES
  • ANIMAL CONTROL MEASURES
  • failure of PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
62
Q

definition of EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

the SCIENCE that studies WHEN AND WHERE diseases occur and HOW THEY ARE TRANSMITTED in a POPULATION

63
Q

what do EPIDEMIOLOGISTS DETERMINE?

A

the ETIOLOGY (cause of the DISEASE)

  • look at certain PATTERNS concerning AGE, GENDER, OCCUPATION, SITE OF CONTACT and PERIOD the disease occurs
64
Q

what are the THREE BASIC TYPES OF EPIDEMOLOGY?

A
  1. DESCRIPTIVE
  • collect ALL DATA and RECONSTRUCT the OCCURRENCE OF THE DISEASE
  • can also be RETROSPECTIVE–basic backtracking
  1. ANALYTICAL
  • finding the CAUSE OF the PARTICULAR DISEASE
  • comparing TWO GROUPS OF PEOPLE who HAVE and DO NOT HAVE THE DISEASE–looking for the CAUSE OF DISEASE
  1. EXPERIMENTAL
  • developing a HYPOTHESIS and using EXPERIMENTS to TEST HYPOTHESIS

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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