Immunity--Adaptive Flashcards
1
Q
describe ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
A
- the BODY’S ABILITY to RECOGNIZE and DEFEND ITSELF against SPECIFIC INVADERS and PRODUCTS
- acquired through INFECTION OR VACCINATION
- SLOWER THAN INNATE
- involves LYMPHOCYTES
2
Q
what are the CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
A
- SPECIFICITY
- CLONALITY
- UNRESPONSIVENESS TO SELF
- MEMORY (has a STRONGER + FASTER RESPONSE TO 2nd exposure)
3
Q
what are our TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
A
- HUMORAL IMMUNITY
- CELLULAR IMMUNITY
4
Q
describe HUMORAL IMMUNITY
A
- immunity bought by ANTIBODIES
- antibodies can recog, and bind to FOREIGN MOLECULES–ANTIGENS
- INVOLVES B LYMPHOCYTES; can RECOG. ANTIGENS and use ANTIBODIES AGAINST THEM
5
Q
describe CELLULAR IMMUNITY
A
- heavy role of T LYMPHOCYTES
- does NOT BIND TO ANTIGENS DIRECTLY
- has PROPER T CELL RECEPTORS (TCR) to BIND TO ANTIGEN and RELEASE CYTOKINES
- attacks VIRUSES AND PARASITES
6
Q
describe LYMPHOCYTES–what cells do they make and where are they produced?
A
- PRODUCED IN THE RED BONE MARROW
- TYPES:
- T CELLS
- B CELLS
- NK CELLS
- have AGRANULOCYTES:
- have LARGE NUCLEI and SMALL AMT of CYTOPLASM
- helps to IDENTIFY and iNACTIVATE/DESTROY PATHOGENS
7
Q
describe T CELLS and what are our THREE TYPES
A
- consists of over 70-85% of LYMPHOCYTES
- contains RECEPTORS IN PM to RECOG. ANTIGENS
- matures in the THYMUS and seen in CELLULAR IMMUNITY
HELPER T CELLS
- stimulates the FUNCTION OF T AND B CELLS
SUPPRESSOR T-LYMPHOCYTES
- INHIBITS FUNCTION OF T AND B CELLS
CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES (T KILLERS)
- ATTACKS CELLS
8
Q
describe B CELLS
A
- consists of 15-30% of LYMPHOCYTES
- contains ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
- RESPONDS TO ONLY ONE ANTIGEN
- causes PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS (Ig)/ANTIBODIES
- produces MEMORY CELLS
- matures in the BONE MARROW
9
Q
what are the FIVE TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
A
- IgG
- IgA
- IgD
- IgM
- IgE
10
Q
describe NK CELLS
A
- they are LARGE GRAULAR LYMPHOCYTES
- consists of 5-10% of LYMPHOCYTES
- important for IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
- attacks FOREIGN, VIRUS-INFECTED, and CANCER CELLS
11
Q
describe CYTOKINES
A
- the CHEMICAL MESSENGERS OF IMMUNE CELLS
- helps to MEDIATE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS between CELLS of IMMUNE SYSTEM
- over 200
- produced by NEARLY ALL IMMUNE CELLS
- ONLY ACT ON CELLS THAT HAVE RECEPTOR FOR THEM
- INDUCES CELLS TO MAKE MORE OF THEM
**SEPSIS–can CAUSE OVER PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES –can lead to TISSUE DAMAGE
12
Q
what happens if by chance the lymphocytes begin to RECOGNIZE and BIND TO THEIR OWN SELF ANTIGENS?
A
- must be eliminated during maturation by CLONAL DELETION
13
Q
describe INTERLEUKINS; cytokine
A
helps to communicate between the leukocytes
14
Q
describe the CHEMOKINES; cytokine
A
small cytokines that INDUCE CHEMOTAXIS of leukocytes to INFECTION SITES
15
Q
describe INTERFERONS; cytokine
A
- interferes with VIRAL INFECTIONS
- also is made COMMERCIALLY; treats VIRAL INFECTIONS like HEP B
16
Q
describe TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS TNFs; cytokine
A
- targets TUMOR CELLS
- induces INFLAMMATION
**an OVERPRODUCTION of TNFs - can lead to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES like RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
17
Q
describe HEMATOPOIETIC CYTOKINES
A
- controls STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS
- has COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS CSF
*G-CSF - stimulates the PRODUCTION OF NEUTROPHILS
18
Q
what are ANTIGENS?
A
- specific parts of bacteria that ANTIBODIES RECOGNIZE
- can be PROTEINS or POLYSACCHARIDES that are components of invading microorganisms
- ex. CAPSULES, FLAGELLA, or VIRAL COATS
- can also be NON-MICROBIAL; pollen, blood products from another person, or surface molecules of transplanted tissue
- creates a HIGHLY SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE–greater production of ANTIBODIES and INTERACTIONS with ANTIGENS
19
Q
definition of EPITOPES
A
specific region of an antigen that the ANTIBODIES RECOGNIZE
20
Q
define IMMUNOGLOBULINS
A
- specific COMPACT SOLUBLE PROTEINS (GLOBULINS)
- made in response to ANTIGENS by B CELLS
- most important function is its STRUCTURE
21
Q
describe the STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES
A
- composed of MONOMER with TWO ANTIGEN BINDING SITES
- can be MULTIMERS–can be DIMER (2) - has 4 antigen binding sites + PENTAMER (5) - has 10 antigen binding sites
- overall has 4 PROTEIN CHAINS (TWO LIGHT and TWO HEAVY CHAINS)
- joined by DISULFIDE BONDS
- is FLEXIBLE – changes from Y to T
22
Q
definition of VALENCE
A
the NUMBER OF ANTIGEN BINDING SITES for a given antibody
23
Q
what are the TWO REGIONS within the ANTIBODY STRUCTURE?
A
VARIABLE REGION:
- determines the ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY
- binds the EPITOPES
- essential for DIVERSITY
CONSTANT REGION:
- the STEM of the REGION
24
Q
how does the VARIABLE REGION increase DIVERSITY?
A
- encodes for SEVERAL PIECES known as SUBGENES – these are CONSTANTLY CHANGING and REORGANIZING within the GENOME = a HUGE VARIETY OF ANTIBODIES
25
describe each IMMUNOGLOBULIN TYPE and FUNCTIONS
IgG:
- is the HIGHEST IN OPSONIZATION AND NEUTRALIZATION ACTIVITIES
- is CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR SUBCLASSES; IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4)
IgM:
- produced FIRST UPON ANTIGEN INVASION--increases TRANSIENTLY
IgA:
- expressed in MUCOSAL TISSUES
- forms DIMERS after secretion
IgD:
- has UNKNOWN FUNCTION
IgE:
- involved in ALLERGY
26
describe HUMORAL RESPONSE
- have a clonal expansion that PRODUCES an ARMY OF B CELLS SPECIFIC to ANTIGEN that PRODUCES ANTIBODY
*again, antibodies can recognize SO MANY ANTIGENS--over QUADRILLION of them!
- due to again VARIABLE REGION REARRANGEMENT
27
what happens after we have an ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN INTERACTION?
1. AGGLUTINATION
(binding of bacteria together in one place -- more easily recog. by immune sys.)
2. ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT SYS.
3. OPSONIZATION
(greater coating of antibodies on bacteria -- more easily attacked by phagocytic cells)
4. ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY
(seen on larger parasitic cells -- attracts more phagocytic cells)
5. NEUTRALIZATION
(blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa--attachment difficulty)
28
describe CELLULAR IMMUNITY
- seen in INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS -- our antibodies cannot get to them
- have to utilize T LYMPHOCYTES
- have to utilize ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS -- allows to PROCESS ANTIGENS and presents them to the T CELLS
- have to utilize T CELL RECEPTORS TCRS--recognizes the ANTIGENS attached to APCs
*again, T CELLS MATURE IN THYMUS
- any immature t cells that RECOG. T SELF CELLS -- are eliminated
- mature t cells go through VARIOUS LYMPHOID TISSUES -- to encounter pathogens
29
what are our ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)? (3)
- B LYMPHOCYTES
- DENDRITIC CELLS
- MACROPHAGES
30
describe our DENDRITIC CELLS
- our MAIN APCs
- induces T CELLS
- found in the SKIN, SPLEEN, BLOOD and various tissues
31
describe MACROPHAGES
- recruited by INNATE IMMUNITY
- activated by INGESTION of ANTIGENIC MATERIAL and presents ANTIGEN on surface
- becomes better phagocytes and APCs once activated
32
what are the FOUR CLASSES of T CELLS?
- HELPER T CELLS
- KILLER T CELLS
- SUPPRESSOR T CELLS
- MEMORY T CELLS
33
describe T CYTOTOXIC CELLS (CD8+ CELLS)
- targets T CELLS that are altered and that PRESENT NON SELF ANTIGENS (endogenous antigens)
- targets TUMOR CELLS
- transplanted FOREIGN TISSUE
- induces APOPTOSIS
34
describe NATURAL KILLER CELLS
- part of INNATE IMMUNITY
- NONSPECIFIC
- distinguishes between NORMAL CELLS from TRANSFORMED CELLS
35
describe ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXCICITY
- specific ANTIBODIES are produced by our HUMORAL IMMUNE SYSTEM to coat larger organisms -- ex. TAPEWORMS
- binding of EOSINOPHILS< MACROPHAGES + NK CELLS to antibodies
- target killed by LYTIC ENZYMES, PERFORINS, and CYTOTOXIC CYTOKINES
36
what are our TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (4)?
NATURALLY ACQUIRED:
- ACTIVE
- PASSIVE
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED:
- ACTIVE
- PASSIVE
37
describe ACTIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - NATURALLY ACQUIRED
- this is where our ANTIGENS enter the body NATURALLY
- creation of own ANTIBODIES and SPECIALIZED LYMPHOCYTES
38
describe PASSIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - NATURALLY ACQUIRED
- where antibodies are passed from MOTHER TO FETUS
- via PLACENTA or MILK
39
describe ACTIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - ARTIFICALLY ACQUIRED
- antigens introduced through VACCINES
- creation of antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
40
describe PASSIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - ARTIFICALLY ACQUIRED
- preformed ANTIBODIES in the IMMUNE SERUM
- introduction of INJECTION
