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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Immunity--Adaptive > Flashcards

Immunity--Adaptive Flashcards

1
Q

describe ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A
  • the BODY’S ABILITY to RECOGNIZE and DEFEND ITSELF against SPECIFIC INVADERS and PRODUCTS
  • acquired through INFECTION OR VACCINATION
  • SLOWER THAN INNATE
  • involves LYMPHOCYTES
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2
Q

what are the CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A
  • SPECIFICITY
  • CLONALITY
  • UNRESPONSIVENESS TO SELF
  • MEMORY (has a STRONGER + FASTER RESPONSE TO 2nd exposure)
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3
Q

what are our TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A
  1. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
  2. CELLULAR IMMUNITY
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4
Q

describe HUMORAL IMMUNITY

A
  • immunity bought by ANTIBODIES
  • antibodies can recog, and bind to FOREIGN MOLECULES–ANTIGENS
  • INVOLVES B LYMPHOCYTES; can RECOG. ANTIGENS and use ANTIBODIES AGAINST THEM
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5
Q

describe CELLULAR IMMUNITY

A
  • heavy role of T LYMPHOCYTES
  • does NOT BIND TO ANTIGENS DIRECTLY
  • has PROPER T CELL RECEPTORS (TCR) to BIND TO ANTIGEN and RELEASE CYTOKINES
  • attacks VIRUSES AND PARASITES
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6
Q

describe LYMPHOCYTES–what cells do they make and where are they produced?

A
  • PRODUCED IN THE RED BONE MARROW
  • TYPES:
  • T CELLS
  • B CELLS
  • NK CELLS
  • have AGRANULOCYTES:
  • have LARGE NUCLEI and SMALL AMT of CYTOPLASM
  • helps to IDENTIFY and iNACTIVATE/DESTROY PATHOGENS
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7
Q

describe T CELLS and what are our THREE TYPES

A
  • consists of over 70-85% of LYMPHOCYTES
  • contains RECEPTORS IN PM to RECOG. ANTIGENS
  • matures in the THYMUS and seen in CELLULAR IMMUNITY

HELPER T CELLS

  • stimulates the FUNCTION OF T AND B CELLS

SUPPRESSOR T-LYMPHOCYTES

  • INHIBITS FUNCTION OF T AND B CELLS

CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES (T KILLERS)

  • ATTACKS CELLS
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8
Q

describe B CELLS

A
  • consists of 15-30% of LYMPHOCYTES
  • contains ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
  • RESPONDS TO ONLY ONE ANTIGEN
  • causes PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS (Ig)/ANTIBODIES
  • produces MEMORY CELLS
  • matures in the BONE MARROW
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9
Q

what are the FIVE TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgD
  4. IgM
  5. IgE
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10
Q

describe NK CELLS

A
  • they are LARGE GRAULAR LYMPHOCYTES
  • consists of 5-10% of LYMPHOCYTES
  • important for IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
  • attacks FOREIGN, VIRUS-INFECTED, and CANCER CELLS
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11
Q

describe CYTOKINES

A
  • the CHEMICAL MESSENGERS OF IMMUNE CELLS
  • helps to MEDIATE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS between CELLS of IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • over 200
  • produced by NEARLY ALL IMMUNE CELLS
  • ONLY ACT ON CELLS THAT HAVE RECEPTOR FOR THEM
  • INDUCES CELLS TO MAKE MORE OF THEM

**SEPSIS–can CAUSE OVER PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES –can lead to TISSUE DAMAGE

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12
Q

what happens if by chance the lymphocytes begin to RECOGNIZE and BIND TO THEIR OWN SELF ANTIGENS?

A
  • must be eliminated during maturation by CLONAL DELETION
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13
Q

describe INTERLEUKINS; cytokine

A

helps to communicate between the leukocytes

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14
Q

describe the CHEMOKINES; cytokine

A

small cytokines that INDUCE CHEMOTAXIS of leukocytes to INFECTION SITES

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15
Q

describe INTERFERONS; cytokine

A
  • interferes with VIRAL INFECTIONS
  • also is made COMMERCIALLY; treats VIRAL INFECTIONS like HEP B
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16
Q

describe TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS TNFs; cytokine

A
  • targets TUMOR CELLS
  • induces INFLAMMATION

**an OVERPRODUCTION of TNFs - can lead to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES like RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

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17
Q

describe HEMATOPOIETIC CYTOKINES

A
  • controls STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS
  • has COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS CSF

*G-CSF - stimulates the PRODUCTION OF NEUTROPHILS

18
Q

what are ANTIGENS?

A
  • specific parts of bacteria that ANTIBODIES RECOGNIZE
  • can be PROTEINS or POLYSACCHARIDES that are components of invading microorganisms
  • ex. CAPSULES, FLAGELLA, or VIRAL COATS
  • can also be NON-MICROBIAL; pollen, blood products from another person, or surface molecules of transplanted tissue
  • creates a HIGHLY SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE–greater production of ANTIBODIES and INTERACTIONS with ANTIGENS
19
Q

definition of EPITOPES

A

specific region of an antigen that the ANTIBODIES RECOGNIZE

20
Q

define IMMUNOGLOBULINS

A
  • specific COMPACT SOLUBLE PROTEINS (GLOBULINS)
  • made in response to ANTIGENS by B CELLS
  • most important function is its STRUCTURE
21
Q

describe the STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES

A
  • composed of MONOMER with TWO ANTIGEN BINDING SITES
  • can be MULTIMERS–can be DIMER (2) - has 4 antigen binding sites + PENTAMER (5) - has 10 antigen binding sites
  • overall has 4 PROTEIN CHAINS (TWO LIGHT and TWO HEAVY CHAINS)
  • joined by DISULFIDE BONDS
  • is FLEXIBLE – changes from Y to T
22
Q

definition of VALENCE

A

the NUMBER OF ANTIGEN BINDING SITES for a given antibody

23
Q

what are the TWO REGIONS within the ANTIBODY STRUCTURE?

A

VARIABLE REGION:

  • determines the ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY
  • binds the EPITOPES
  • essential for DIVERSITY

CONSTANT REGION:

  • the STEM of the REGION
24
Q

how does the VARIABLE REGION increase DIVERSITY?

A
  • encodes for SEVERAL PIECES known as SUBGENES – these are CONSTANTLY CHANGING and REORGANIZING within the GENOME = a HUGE VARIETY OF ANTIBODIES
25
Q

describe each IMMUNOGLOBULIN TYPE and FUNCTIONS

A

IgG:

  • is the HIGHEST IN OPSONIZATION AND NEUTRALIZATION ACTIVITIES
  • is CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR SUBCLASSES; IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4)

IgM:

  • produced FIRST UPON ANTIGEN INVASION–increases TRANSIENTLY

IgA:

  • expressed in MUCOSAL TISSUES
  • forms DIMERS after secretion

IgD:

  • has UNKNOWN FUNCTION

IgE:

  • involved in ALLERGY
26
Q

describe HUMORAL RESPONSE

A
  • have a clonal expansion that PRODUCES an ARMY OF B CELLS SPECIFIC to ANTIGEN that PRODUCES ANTIBODY

*again, antibodies can recognize SO MANY ANTIGENS–over QUADRILLION of them!

  • due to again VARIABLE REGION REARRANGEMENT
27
Q

what happens after we have an ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN INTERACTION?

A
  1. AGGLUTINATION
    (binding of bacteria together in one place – more easily recog. by immune sys.)
  2. ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT SYS.
  3. OPSONIZATION
    (greater coating of antibodies on bacteria – more easily attacked by phagocytic cells)
  4. ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY
    (seen on larger parasitic cells – attracts more phagocytic cells)
  5. NEUTRALIZATION
    (blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa–attachment difficulty)
28
Q

describe CELLULAR IMMUNITY

A
  • seen in INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS – our antibodies cannot get to them
  • have to utilize T LYMPHOCYTES
  • have to utilize ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS – allows to PROCESS ANTIGENS and presents them to the T CELLS
  • have to utilize T CELL RECEPTORS TCRS–recognizes the ANTIGENS attached to APCs

*again, T CELLS MATURE IN THYMUS

  • any immature t cells that RECOG. T SELF CELLS – are eliminated
  • mature t cells go through VARIOUS LYMPHOID TISSUES – to encounter pathogens
29
Q

what are our ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)? (3)

A
  • B LYMPHOCYTES
  • DENDRITIC CELLS
  • MACROPHAGES
30
Q

describe our DENDRITIC CELLS

A
  • our MAIN APCs
  • induces T CELLS
  • found in the SKIN, SPLEEN, BLOOD and various tissues
31
Q

describe MACROPHAGES

A
  • recruited by INNATE IMMUNITY
  • activated by INGESTION of ANTIGENIC MATERIAL and presents ANTIGEN on surface
  • becomes better phagocytes and APCs once activated
32
Q

what are the FOUR CLASSES of T CELLS?

A
  • HELPER T CELLS
  • KILLER T CELLS
  • SUPPRESSOR T CELLS
  • MEMORY T CELLS
33
Q

describe T CYTOTOXIC CELLS (CD8+ CELLS)

A
  • targets T CELLS that are altered and that PRESENT NON SELF ANTIGENS (endogenous antigens)
  • targets TUMOR CELLS
  • transplanted FOREIGN TISSUE
  • induces APOPTOSIS
34
Q

describe NATURAL KILLER CELLS

A
  • part of INNATE IMMUNITY
  • NONSPECIFIC
  • distinguishes between NORMAL CELLS from TRANSFORMED CELLS
35
Q

describe ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXCICITY

A
  • specific ANTIBODIES are produced by our HUMORAL IMMUNE SYSTEM to coat larger organisms – ex. TAPEWORMS
  • binding of EOSINOPHILS< MACROPHAGES + NK CELLS to antibodies
  • target killed by LYTIC ENZYMES, PERFORINS, and CYTOTOXIC CYTOKINES
36
Q

what are our TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (4)?

A

NATURALLY ACQUIRED:

  • ACTIVE
  • PASSIVE

ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED:

  • ACTIVE
  • PASSIVE
37
Q

describe ACTIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - NATURALLY ACQUIRED

A
  • this is where our ANTIGENS enter the body NATURALLY
  • creation of own ANTIBODIES and SPECIALIZED LYMPHOCYTES
38
Q

describe PASSIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - NATURALLY ACQUIRED

A
  • where antibodies are passed from MOTHER TO FETUS
  • via PLACENTA or MILK
39
Q

describe ACTIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - ARTIFICALLY ACQUIRED

A
  • antigens introduced through VACCINES
  • creation of antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
40
Q

describe PASSIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - ARTIFICALLY ACQUIRED

A
  • preformed ANTIBODIES in the IMMUNE SERUM
  • introduction of INJECTION

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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