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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Exam Two: Part Two > Flashcards

Exam Two: Part Two Flashcards

1
Q

what are ATOMS?

A
  • the SMALLEST COMPONENT of a substance–retains the PROPERTIES of the SUBSTANCE
  • contains the NUCLEUS (its center)
    - protons (+)
    - neutrons ( )
    (same number of protons and neutrons)
  • contains ELECTRONS move around the nucleus in ElECTRON SHELLS (-)
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2
Q

what are ELEMENTS?

A

ELEMENTS:
- made of the same KIND OF ATOMS
- have around 98 natural elements
- all are found on the PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

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3
Q

describe ELECTRON CONFIGURATION.

A

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION:
- arrangement of ELECTRON SHELLS around the NUCLEUS
- These shells can only hold a certain amount of electrons
(2e, 8e, 8e)
- the ABILITY of an ATOM to COMBINE WITH OTHER ATOMS–all depends on # of electrons on those outer shells
- lots of sharing–because the ELEMENT wants to COMPLETE its OUTER ELECTRON SHELL CAPACITY

*want to be like the noble-gases

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4
Q

what are MOLECULES?

A

MOLECULES:
larger structures organized that are made up of ATOMS
- often made from a COMBINATION of CHNOPS (the MACRONUTRIENTS)
(carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)

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5
Q

what are CHEMICAL BONDS?

A

CHEMICAL BONDS:
- a force that holds TWO ATOMS TOGETHER
- formed to try to STABILIZE an ATOM’S OUTERMOST ELECTRONS
- ENERGETICALLY FAVORABLE

THREE TYPES:
- IONIC
- COVALENT
- HYDROGEN

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6
Q

describe IONIC BONDS

A

IONIC BONDS:
a type of chemical bond that has formed as a RESULT of the COMPLETE TRANSFER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS FROM ONE ATOM TO ANOTHER

**recall about IONS–ATOMS are ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL

**loss or gain of an electron creates CHARGED ATOMS = IONS
(CATIONS + ANIONS)

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7
Q

describe COVALENT BONDS

A

COVALENT BONDS:
- a chemical bond that involves the SHARING OF ELECTRON PAIRS BETWEEN ATOMS
- much more common in ORGANISMS
- STRONG and DO NOT DISSOCIATE IN WATER

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8
Q

describe HYDROGEN BONDS

A

HYDROGEN BONDS:
- WEAK type of force
- a HYDROGEN ATOM bonds to a STRONGELY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM within its VICINITY OF ANOTHER ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM

  • WEAKER BONDS vs. covalent and ionic
  • it is INTERMOLECULAR (BETWEEN
    MOLECULES) vs. INTRAMOLECULAR (INSIDE MOLECULES)
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9
Q

what is a CHEMICAL REACTION?

A

CHEMICAL REACTION:
- when CHEMICAL BONDS are FORMED or BROKEN BETWEEN ATOMS
- always has a CHANGE OF ENERGY

  • absorbs more than it releases – vice versa

THREE TYPES:
- SYNTHETIC
(living organisms –anabolism)
- DECOMPOSITION
(living organisms–catabolism)
- EXCHANGE

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10
Q

what are INORGANIC COMPOUNDS/MOLECULES?

A
  • molecules that LACK CARBON
  • seen in WATER, OXYGEN, CO2, ACIDS, BASES, and SALTS
  • 1-1.5% of living cells
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11
Q

describe WATER

A
  • has a lot of STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES that make it special

POLAR MOLECULE:
- has an UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION of charges between OXYGEN (-) AND HYDROGEN (+)
*electrons are pulled to the oxygen

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12
Q

describe POLARITY and its 4 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

A
  1. the FORMATION OF 4 HYDROGEN BONDS with nearby WATER MOLECULE–makes water an EXCELLENT TEMPERATURE BUFFER
  2. ICE (LESS DENSE that water)
    - has more stable hydrogen bonds
  3. makes it an EXCELLENT SOLVENT
    - many polar substances dissolve in water
  4. big support in WATER’s ROLE in CHEMICAL REACTIONS
    - split/rejoins H and OH
    - very common REACTANT/PRODUCT
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13
Q

definition of ACIDS

A

compound that releases H when mixed with WATER

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14
Q

definition of BASES

A

compound that releases OH when mixed with WATER

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15
Q

definition of SALTS

A

substance that DISSOCIATES in water into CATIONS and ANIONS
- do not release H or OH into the solution
- they are the PRODUCT of the MIXTURE OF AN ACID AND BASE

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16
Q

definition of pH

A

pH:
the CALCULATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF H in a SOLUTION
- represents acidic or basic solution is
- range between 1-14 (acidic-basic)

**NEARLY all biological systems function at pH 7

17
Q

definition of BUFFERS

A
  • we always need to have a balance of ACIDS and BASES as they always change as well as our pH

BUFFERS:
chemicals or mixtures of chemicals that keep pH from CHANGING in EXPERIMENTS or BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

  • have certain MIN or MAX pH growths for various microorganisms
18
Q

what are ORGANIC COMPOUNDS/MOLECULES?

A
  • always have CARBON AND HYDROGEN
  • has a VARIETY OF ATOMS - can form straight or branched (carbon has 4 electrons)
  • capable of more COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
  • forms BASIS OF LIVING CELLS
19
Q

what are some common STRUCTURES seen in ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?

A
  • straight chains
  • branched chains
  • rings
    composed of a CARBON SKELETON
20
Q

what are some COMMON ELEMENTS seen in ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?

A

CHNOPS
- carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, and nitrogen

21
Q

what are FUNCTIONAL GROUPS?

A

responsible for the CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS of that PARTICULAR COMPOUND
- do not exist on their own
- can be many in one; ex. AMINO ACIDS with an amino and carboxyl group
- help with CLASSIFICATION of organic compounds

22
Q

what are the COMMON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS found in BIOMOLECULES?

A
  • LIPIDS AND PROTEINS: carboxyl
  • PROTEINS: amino
  • LIPIDS AND CARBS: hydroxyl
  • ATP/DNA: phosphate
23
Q

what are MACROMOLECULES?

A
  • small organic molecules that combine to make very large molecules
  • often made from POLYMERS–formed by COVALENT BONDING due to MONOMERS

TYPES:
- LIPIDS
- PROTEINS
- NUCLEIC ACIDS
- CARBS

24
Q

dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A
  • processes that makeup MACROMOLECULES
    DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS:
    glucose and fructose – sucrose
    HYDROLYSIS
    maltose + addition of water = glucose
25
Q

describe CARBOHYDRATES

A
  • GENERAL FORMULA: (CH2O)n
  • made up of MONOMERS;
    simple sugars; mono/disaccharides

POLYSACCHARIDES
- polymer of MONOSACCHARIDES
- COMPLEX CARBS
(ex. starch and cellulose)

FUNCTION:
- ENERGY STORAGE
(starch - plants)
(glycogen - animals)
- STRUCTURE
- cellulose in plants
- NUCLEIC ACIDS

26
Q

describe LIPIDS

A

molecule of FAT is formed when a molecule of GLYCEROL combines with 1-3 FATTY ACID MOLECULES
- contains a CARBOXYLIC ACID AND FUNCTIONAL GROUP

STEROIDS:
- LIPIDS with interlocking rings
- important for the PLASMA MEMBRANES OF ANIMAL CELLS
- prevents PACKING of FATTY ACID CHAINS and HARDENING

FUNCTION:
- INSULATION
- ENERGY STORAGE
- MEMBRANES
- created by specific PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- cell bilayer with hydrophobic/philic bonds

27
Q

describe PROTEINS

A

complex molecules that perform a VAST ARRAY of functions within organisms
- enzymes
- DNA replication
- transport
- responding to stimuli
- structures

made up of AMINO ACIDS (20)
- short c-skeleton
- amino group
- carboxylic acid group
- r-group
a chain of these are called; POLYPEPTIDES
- has structures; PRIMARY, SECONDARY, and TERTIARY
(3D STRUCTURE - responsible for its FUNCTION; without it or thrgh, DENATURATION –hard to refold)

28
Q

describe NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

large BIOPOLYMERS ESSENTIAL to life
- made from NUCLEOTIDE MONOMERS
- 5-carbon sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base
(thymine-cytosine guanine-adenine DNA
RNA thymine–uracil)

29
Q

describe DNA

A
  • the genetic instruction for all LIFE
  • FOUR BASES: backbone that encodes information
  • formation of DOUBLE HELIX
30
Q

describe RNA

A
  • SINGLE-STRANDED
  • has RIBOSE vs. DEOXYRIBOSE
  • converts into mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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