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MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC > Immunity--Innate > Flashcards

Immunity--Innate Flashcards

1
Q

how do BACTERIA ATTACK?

A
  • have to GAIN ACCESS TO HOST CELLS
  • have to PENETRATE + EVADE IMMUNE RESPONSES
  • cause DAMAGE to the HOST CELLS + TISSUE
  • have to EXIT
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2
Q

describe INNATE IMMUNITY

A
  • present at BIRTH
  • ALWAYS AVAILABLE
  • its a type of RAPID RESPONSE (immediate or WITHIN HOURS)
  • NOT SPECIFIC (no recog. of specific microbe)
  • has NO MEMORY
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3
Q

describe ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A
  • is a SPECIFIC RESPONSE to a SPECIFIC ORGANISM
  • ACQUIRED OVER TIME
  • has SLOWER RESPONSE
  • has MEMORY; has a more STRONGER + RAPID RESPONSE to the same microbe at a LATER DATE
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4
Q

what does the INNATE IMMUNITY CONSIST of?

A

has our FIRST AND SECOND LINE OF DEFENSES

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5
Q

what are our FIRST LINE OF DEFENSES?

A

PHYSICAL FACTORS

  • typical BARRIERS TO ENTRY
  • processes that REMOVE BACTERIA FROM SURFACES

CHEMICAL FACTORS

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6
Q

what are our SECOND LINE OF DEFENSES (4)?

A
  • PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
  • INFLAMMATION
  • FEVER
  • ANTI-MICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
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7
Q

what are our PHYSICAL BARRIERS (6)?

A
  • SKIN
  • MUCOUS MEMBRANES
  • LACRIMAL APPARATUS
  • SALIVA
  • NASAL MEMBRANES
  • URINE/VAGINAL SECRETIONS
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8
Q

describe the SKIN

A
  • consists of TWO LAYERS; DERMIS + EPIDERMIS
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9
Q

describe the DERMIS

A
  • a THICK LAYER of CONNECTIVE TISSUE below the EPIDERMIS
  • has the CAPILLARIES, NERVE ENDINGS, SWEAT GLANDS, and HAIR FOLLICLES
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10
Q

describe the EPIDERMIS

A
  • the PART OF THE SKIN WE SEE
  • the OUTER THINNER PORTION that is in DIRECT CONTACT with the EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
  • has many layers of TIGHTLY PACKED EPITHELIAL CELLS
  • top layer always has DEAD AND DRY SHEDDING CELLS
  • important and MICROBES CAN RARELY PENETRATE THE SKIN (has other microbiome on skin–leads to COMPETITION for NUTRIENTS + SPACE)
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11
Q

describe MUCUS MEMBRANES

A
  • LINES the ENTIRE GI, RESPIRATORY, GENITOURINARY TRACTS
  • consists of an EPITHELIAL LAYER that secretes MUCUS
  • has VISCOUS GLYCOPROTEINS–prevents DRYING OUT
  • is PROTECTIVE
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12
Q

describe the LACRIMAL APPARATUS

A
  • mechanism that PROTECTS THE EYE
  • has its own GLANDS + DUCTS + CANALS to drain tears
  • is always CONT. WASHING EYE
  • drains into NASAL PASSAGES
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13
Q

describe SALIVA

A
  • helps to DILUTE # of MICROORGANISMS
  • washes off TEETH SURFACEs + ORAL SURFACES
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14
Q

describe NASAL MEMBRANES

A
  • has MUCUS COATED HAIR
  • FILTERS AND TRAPS MICROBES
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15
Q

describe EPITHELIAL CELLS

A
  • seen in the LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT and are COVERED BY CILIA
  • moves SYNCHRONOUSLY + DIRECTIONALLY PROPELS inhaled microbes + dust particles UPWARDS
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16
Q

what are our CHEMICAL FACTORS (4)?

A
  • SEBACEOUS GLANDS
  • SWEAT GLANDS
  • SALIVA
  • GASTRIC JUICES
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17
Q

describe SEBACEOUS GLANDS

A
  • found in the SKIN
  • seen SEBUM–secretion of ACIDIC OIL ph 3 -5
  • allows for a PROTECTIVE FILM over the SKIN
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18
Q

describe SWEAT GLANDS

A
  • production of SWEAT
  • has SALT + ANTIMICOBIAL PEPTIDES + LYSOZYME
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19
Q

describe LYSOZYME

A

type of ENZYME that attacks the CELL WALL

  • found in TEARS, URINE, SALIVA, AND NASAL SECRETIONS
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20
Q

describe SALIVA (chemical factor)

A
  • contains a # of ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
  • has UREA + LYSOZYME
  • is SLIGHTLY ACIDIC
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21
Q

describe GASTRIC JUICES

A
  • has a MIX OF HCl ACID + ENZYMES + MUCUS
  • has a LOW pH 1-3
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22
Q

describe our SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE + what are OUR SECOND LINES OF DEFENSE (4)

A
  • where the microbe passes ALL FIRST LINE OF BARRIERS

SECOND LINES OF DEFENSE:

  • DEFENSIVE CELLS: PHAGOCYTOTIC CELLS
  • INFLAMMATION
  • FEVER
  • ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
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23
Q

How does our IMMUNE SYSTEM know its been BREACHED?

A
  • has specific PROTEIN RECEPTORS in their plasma membranes known as TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)
  • TLRs: can recog. and attach to compounds seen on MICROBEs known as PATHOGEN ASSOC. MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS)
  • some PAMPS:
  • flagella, peptidoglycan cell wall, bacterial or viral DNA/RNA
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24
Q

what happens once a PAMP is recognized?

A
  • DEFENSIVE CELLS release CYTOKINES
  • CYTOKINES: chemical messengers that PLAY A NUMBER OF ROLES in IMMUNITY
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25
Q

describe IMMUNE CELLS IN BLOOD; definition of PLASMA

A
  • blood consists of FLUID known as PLASMA + FORMED ELEMENTS
  • PLASMA:
    mostly made of WATER that contains ELECTROLYTES, DISSOLVED GASES, NUTRIENTS and PROTEINS
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26
Q

what are the FORMED ELEMENTS in the BLOOD

A
  • RBC + WBC + PLATELETS
  • have BLOOD CELLS (HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS) made from the RED BONE MARROW –process known as HEMATOPOIESIS
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27
Q

describe PLURIPOTENT

A
  • cell that gives rise to ALL CELL TYPES that MAKE UP THE BODY
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28
Q

describe MULTIPOTENT

A

cells that develop MORE THAN ONE CELL TYPE within a LINEAGE

  • much more LIMITED vs. PLURIPOTENT
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29
Q

what are the TYPES OF WBCs?

A
  • GRANULOCYTES–granulated LEUKOCYTES
    (contains LARGE GRANULES, stains diff. colors)
  • AGRANULOCYTES–agranulated LEUKOCYTES
    (appears UNIFORM UNDER LIGHT MICROSCOPE)
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30
Q

what are the THREE TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES?

A
  • BASOPHILS (stain BLUE)
  • EOSINOPHILS (stain red/orange–eosin)
  • NEUTROPHILS/POLYMORPHONUCLEAR (PMNs) (stain lilac)
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31
Q

describe NEUTROPHILS

A
  • they are PHAGOCYTIC
  • HIGHLY MOTILE (can leave blood to enter tissue)
  • ACTIVE IN INITAL STAGES of INFECTION
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32
Q

describe EOSINOPHILS

A
  • SOMEWHAT PHAGOCYTIC
  • MOTILE
  • can make TOXIC PROTEINS attack INVADIES (injects H2O2 into HELMINTHES)
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33
Q

describe BASOPHILS

A
  • releases HISTAMINES
  • TRIGEERS INFLAMMATION and ALLERGY RESPONSE
34
Q

what are our types of AGRANULOCYTES?

A
  • MONOCYTES
  • DENDRITIC CELLS
  • LYMPHOCYTES
35
Q

describe MONOCYTES

A
  • NOT ACTIVELY PHAGOCYTIC till the LEAVE BLOOD
  • matures into MACROPHAGES–they are PHAGOCYTIC
  • removes MICROBES FROM BLOOD and LYMPH
36
Q

describe DENDRITIC CELLS

A
  • is ABUNDANT IN THE SKIN, MUCUS MEM., THYMUS and LYMPH NODES
  • is PHAGOCYTIC
  • initiates the ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
37
Q

describe LYMPHOCYTES

A
  • contains NATURAL KILLER CELLS
  • kills a WIDE RANGE OF TUMOR + INFECTED CELLS
  • attacks them if they display ABNORMAL PLASMA MEM. PROTEINS
  • BINDS TO INFECTED CELLS
  • releases VESICLES CONTAINING TOXIC SUBS (PERFORINS + GRANZYMES) into the INFECTED CELL
  • has T AND B CELLS
38
Q

describe contents of a BLOOD HEMATOCRIT

A
  • has normally around 45% (38-48%) of CELLS and 55% PLASMA
39
Q

what happens DURING INFECTION; WBC?

A
  • TOTAL NUMBER OF WBC - INCREASES to COMBAT MICROBES; process known as LEUKOCYTOSIS
  • around 2x-4x depending on severity of infection
40
Q

describe LEUKOPENIA

A
  • condition where we have a DECREASED LEVEL OF WBCs
  • can cause;
  • AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS
  • CONGENITAL DISEASES
  • BONE MARROW CONDITIONS
41
Q

what is a CBC?

A
  • a COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
  • helps to give an examination of OVERALL HOMEOSTASIS; looks for INFECTIONS, ANEMIAS, MONITORS TREATMENTS etc..
  • evaluates OVERALL HEALTH

MEASURES:

  • RBCs
  • WBCs
  • HEMOGLOBIN
  • HEMATOCRIT
  • PLATELETS
42
Q

describe the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A
  • part of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • plays vital role in IMMUNITY
  • TRANSPORTS LYMPH
43
Q

what is LYMPH?

A
  • the fluid that CIRCULATES throughout the LYMPHATIC SYS
  • formed when INTERSTITIAL FLUID is collected through the LYMPH CAPILLARIES
44
Q

what are the THREE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS of the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?

A
  1. MAINTENANCE OF FLUID BALANCE
  2. FACILITATION OF ABSORPTION OF DIETARY FATS from GI TRACT to BLOODSTREAM (for metabolism + storage)
  3. ENHANCEMENT + FACILITATION of the IMMUNE SYSTEM
45
Q

what does the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CONSIST OF?

A
  • LYMPHATIC TISSUE
  • LYMPHATIC VESSELS
  • LYMPHATIC ORGANS
  • LYMPH NODES
46
Q

describe LYMPHATIC TISSUE

A
  • scattered THROUGHOUT THE BODY
  • aggregates in PATCHES; seen in TONSILS and PEYERS PATCHES (mostly have B CELLS)
47
Q

describe our LYMPHATIC ORGANS

A
  • have the SPLEEN;
    contains LYMPHOCYTES + MACROPHAGES, helps to MONITOR MICROBES IN BLOOD
  • have the THYMUS;
    site for T CELL MATURATION
48
Q

describe our LYMPH NODES

A
  • helps to ACTIVATE T AND B CELLS
  • TRAPS MICROBES–has DENDRITIC CELLS AND MACROPHAGES TO PHAGOCYTIZE
49
Q

definition of PHAGOCYTOSIS

A
  • the INGESTION OF MICROORGANISMS BY CELLS
50
Q

definition of PHAGOCYTES

A

all types of WBCs that perform PHAGOCYTOSIS

51
Q

what are the FIVE STAGES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS?

A
  1. CHEMOTAXIS
  2. ADHERENCE
  3. INGESTION/ENGULFMENT
  4. DIGESTION
  5. ELIMINATION
52
Q

describe CHEMOTAXIS

A
  • PHAGOCYTES are attracted to MICROORGANISMS;
  • MICROBIAL BYPRODUCTS
  • CYTOKINES
  • DAMAGED TISSUE
  • PEPTIDES OF COMPLEMENT SYS
53
Q

describe ADHERENCE

A
  • the ATTACHMENT OF PHAGOCYTES to the PLASMA MEMBRANE of MICROORGANISMS
  • PAMPS bind to the TLRs
  • initiation of PHAGOCYTOSIS
  • release of CYTOKINES to attract MORE PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
54
Q

describe INGESTION/ ENGULFMENT

A
  • membranes begin to FORM PSEUDOPODS + ENGULF MICROORGANISMS
  • creation of PHAGOSOME
  • H+ PUMPED IN to REDUCE pH to around 4`
55
Q

describe DIGESTION

A
  • fusing with LYSOMES within CYTOPLASM–formation of a PHAGOLYSOSOME
  • digestion of microorganism by ENZYMES;
  • LYSOZYMES (hydrolyzes peptidoglycan cell wall)
  • LIPASES
  • PROTEASES
56
Q

describe ELIMINATION

A

RESIDUAL BODY:

  • PHAGOLYSOSOME that contains DEGRADED MICROBE
  • begins to MOVE TO PM and DISCHARGES WASTE PRODUCTS to the OUTSIDE
57
Q

how do BACTERIA EVADE PHAGOCYTOSIS?

A
  • the INHIBITION OF ADHERENCE
  • has CAPSULES (s. pneumonia) or M PROTEINS (s. pyogenes)
  • AVOIDS DIGESTION
  • releases their OWN LYSOZYME (s. auerus) or PORE FORMING TOXINS to LYSE THE ACTUAL PHAGOCYTIC CELL (L. monocytogenes)
  • or ESCAPES PHAGOSOME PRIOR TO FUSION with LYSOSOME (Shigella)
  • SURVIVE INSIDE PHAGOLYSOSME (C. brunetti) – not affected
  • PREVENTION OF ACIDIFICATION and FUSION OF LYSOSOME
  • has BIOFILMS (helps the BACTERIA HIDE FROM PHAGOCYTES
58
Q

describe INFLAMMATION and WHAT TYPES

A
  • a NONSPECIFIC RESPONSE to TISSUE DAAMGE from VARIOUS CAUSES
  • characterized by REDNESS, HEAT, SWELLING + PAIN

TYPES:

  • ACUTE:
  • easy to remove–an INTENSE SHORT TERM RESPONSE
  • CHRONIC:
  • more LONG LASTING–LESS INTENSE RESPONSE
59
Q

describe EARLY INFLAMMATION

A
  • have MICROBIAL STRUCTURES such as FLAGELLA AND LPS
  • stimulation of TLRS of MACROPHAGES – production of CYTOKINES (TNFalpha)
  • TNF(alpha) = RELEASES ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS
  • KININS
  • BLOOD CLOTTING FACTORS
    (all which tells the BODY that there is INFECTION within the BODY)
60
Q

what happens after TISSUE DAAMGE?

A
  • greater INCREASE OF CHEMICALS THAT LEADS TO VASODILATION and INCREASED PERMEABILITY OF BV
  • recruits PHAGOCYTES
61
Q

describe HISTAMINES

A
  • released by IMMUNE CELLS in DIRECT RESPONSE to DAMAGE
  • BOOSTS BLOOD FLOW + INCREASES BV PERMEABILITY
62
Q

describe KININS

A
  • present in BLOOD PLASMA in INACTIVE FORM
  • activated; ATTRACTS PHAGOCYTES to SITE
63
Q

describe PROSTAGLANDINS

A
  • released by DAMAGED CELLS
  • intensifies EFFECTS OF HISTAMINE and KININS
64
Q

describe LEUKOTRIENE

A
  • produced by MAST CELLS (type of GRANULOCYTE–tissues) + BASOPHILS
  • ATTRACTS PHAGOCYTES
65
Q

describe MARGINIATION + DIAPEDESIS

A

MARGINATION:

  • more BLOOD FLOW into TISSUE
  • STICKING OF NEUTROPHILS and MONOCYTES to SITE

DIAPEDESIS:

  • begin to SQUEEZE between ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

later killed and destroyed by PHAGOCYTES

66
Q

why does the WOUND SWELL?

A
  • due to an INCREASE OF BLOOD FLOW
  • VASODILATION + MOVEMENT OF PHAGOCYTES into TISSUE
  • causes wound to feel WARM + PAINFUL
67
Q

describe TISSUE REPAIR

A
  • where NEW TISSUE replaces DEAD and DAMAGED TISSUE
  • can only begin during INFLAMMATION ONCE ALL HARMFUL SUBSTANCES ARE GONE
  • all depends ON LOCATION
68
Q

describe FEVER

A
  • a SYSTEMIC RESPONSE TO INJURY
  • often a COMMON CAUSE from BACTERIAL or VIRAL INFECTION
  • HYPOTHALAMUS sets TEMP
  • release of TNFalpha and INTERLUEKIN 1 - PROSTAGLANDINS to RESET TEMP HIGHER
  • maintained until ALL CYTOKINES are GONE
69
Q

what are our ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES?

A
  • PROTEINS OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
  • INTERFERONS
  • IRON BINDING PROTEINS
  • ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES
70
Q

describe the COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

A
  • can be activated in THREEWAYS;
  • CLASSICAL PATHWAY
  • ALTERNATE PATHWAY
  • LECTIN PATHWAY
  • acts in CASCADES
  • can lead to MICRBIAL CLEARING BY;
  • CYTOLYSIS
  • OPSONIZATION
  • INFLAMMATION
71
Q

is the COMPLEMENT SYSTEM DANGEROUS?

A

yes!! has the POTENTIAL TO BE EXTREMELY DAMAGING

  • is QUICKLY TURNED OFF TO MINIMIZE EFFECTS
72
Q

how do microbes EVADE THE COMPLEMENT?

A
  • use of CAPSULES
  • the LENGTH OF LPS can prevent MAC FORMATION
  • has SIALIC ACID –attached to OUTER MEMBRANE (discourages OPSONIZATION + MAC FORMATION)
73
Q

describe INTERFERONS

A
  • they are ONE OF THE CYTOKINE PROTEINS—communicator that TRIGGERS IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • can be ANTI-VIRAL or ANTITUMORIGENIC
  • SMALL MOLECULES
  • stable at LOW pH
  • HEAT RESISTANT

TYPES:

  • ALPHA +BETA - EARLY TRIGGERS
  • GAMMA - LATE TRIGGERS
74
Q

describe INTERFERON ALPHA/BETA

A
  • often used in EARLY INFECTION (1 - 4 days)
  • produced by VIRAL INFECTED HOST CELLS
  • they are HOST CELL SPECIFIC / NOT VIRUS SPECIFIC
  • TRIGEERS DEFENSES IN NEARBY CELLS
  • INDUCES NK CELLS + AVP (ANTI-VIRAL PROTEIN) + PROTEIN KINASE
75
Q

describe INTERFERON- GAMMA

A
  • is a LATE INFECTION (4+ days)
  • produced in LYMPHOCYTES
  • INDUCES ANTIGEN PRESENTATION + PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY of MACROPHAGES
  • INDUCES PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES from ACTIVATED B CELLS
  • causes MACROPHAGES TO PRODUCE NO–KILLS MICROBES + TUMOR CELLS
  • promotion of adhesion and binding to leukocytes
76
Q

describe IRON BINDING PROTEINS

A
  • IRON important for GROWTH AND INFECTION for PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
  • IRON important for making CYTOCHROMES for the ETC + part of HEMOGLOBIN
  • have a FREE CONCENTRATION OF IRON IN BODY (BUT IN LOW CONTENT)
77
Q

describe the TYPES OF IRON BINDING PROTEINS

A
  • TRANSFERRIN
    (bloodstream iron transport)
  • LACTOFERRIN
    (found in MILK, SALIVA, and MUCUS)
  • FERRITIN
    (in the LIVER–storage)
78
Q

what IRON BINDING PROTEINS does BACTERIA SECRETE?

A
  • SIDEROPHORES
    (is a type of BACTERIAL Fe-chelator)
    (COMPETES FOR IRON and BINDS IT TIGHTLY)
  • HEMOLYSINS
    (type of MEMBRANE PORINS)
79
Q

describe ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES

A

MODE OF ACTION

  • INHIBITS ELL WALL SYNTHESIS
  • has PORE FORMATION in PM (LYSIS)
  • has a BROAD SPECTRUM; affects BACTERIA, FUNIG, VIRUSES
  • seen in SYNTHESIS OF AMPS (triggered by SUGARS AND PROTEINS ON MICROBES)
80
Q

what are our HUMAN AMPS

A

DEFENSINS

  • produced by NEUTROPHILS and MACROPHAGES

THROMBOCIDIN:

  • produced by PLATELETS
81
Q

what is SPECIAL ABOUT AMPS?

A
  • they WORK SYNERGISTICALLY with other ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS and SYSTEMS
  • have a BROAD SPECTRUM
  • stable in wide ranges if pH
  • no seen DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE

MICROBIO BIOL-160 LEC (21 decks)

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