Eukaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
describe PROTISTA
A
- a very diverse group that is DEFINED by THREE CHARACTERISTICS–if either EUKARYOTIC or UNICELLULAR
- they are very abundant in MOIST ENVIRONMENTS (like lakes or ponds(
- very few are PATHOGENIC
2
Q
definition of TROPHOZOITE
A
the specific VEGATIVE MOTILE FEEDING STAGE or GROWING STAGE of PROTISA
3
Q
how do PROTISTA GET THEIR ENERGY?
A
- most are CHEMOHETEROTROPHIC
- also can be SAPROPHYTIC–nourishment from DEAD ORGANISMS or DECAYING ORGANIC MATERIAL
- only a FEW are PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
4
Q
definition of ENCYSTMENT
A
- creation of a PROTECTIVE CAPSULE known as a CYST
- often due to a LACK OF FOOD, LOW MOISTURE, UNSUITABLE TEMP, or TOXIC CHEMICALS
- so, the CYST allows for SURVIVAL OUTSIDE OF THE HOST
5
Q
how does PROTISTA REPRODUCE?
A
- ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – BINARY FISSION
- SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – CONJUGATION
6
Q
describe asexual reproduction–BINARY FISSION
A
- type of BUDDING PROCESS
- SCHIZOGONY–known as MULTIPLE FISSION
PROCESS:
- begins with the NUCLEUS undergoing MULTIPLE DIVISION
- division of a SMALL PORTION of CYTOPLASM around each nucleus–break of the SCHIZONT WALL
- cell will begin to SEPARATE INTO DAUGHTER CELLS–creation of DAUGHTER NUCELI (known as MEROZOITES when released)
7
Q
describe sexual reproduction–CONJUGATION
A
this is NOT THE SAME AS BACTERIAL CONJUGATION
- TWO CELLS FUSE TOGETHER
- a HAPLOID NUCLEUS (MICRONUCLEUS) from each cell will begin to MIGRATE to each other
- the FUSING OF THE HAPLOID MICRONUCLEI–is now FERTILIZED –new DIPLOID MICRONUCLEUS begins to divide into the NEW MACRONUCLEUS and MICRONUCLEI
- once divided–production of DAUGHTER CELLS with RECOMBINANT DNA
8
Q
what are the types of AMOEBOZA (3)?
A
Pseudopods
- PROJECTIONS of the CYTOPLASM
Entameoba histolytica
- causes AMEBIC DYSENTERY
- can be TRANSMITTED HUMAN TO HUMAN through INGESTION OF CYST
- often found in HUMAN INTESTINE
Haegleria fowleri
- causes AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
- a type of BRAIN EATING AMOEBA
9
Q
describe EUGLENOZOA
A
- GENUS EUGLENA
- type of PHOTOAUTOTROPHS–energy from SUN
- has SEMI RIGID PLASMA MEMBRANES called PELLICLE
- moves flagella at ANTERIOR END
- often has a RED EYE SPOT at ANTERIOR END–helps with sensing LIGHT
10
Q
what are the types of DISEASES (2) caused by EUGLENOZOA?
A
Trypanosoma gambiense
- also known as AFRICAN SLEEPING DISEASE
- transmitted by TSETE FLY
- seen often in REMOTE AREAS with LIMITED HEALTH SERVICE
- show signs of FEVERS, HEADACHES, and can cause MENINGO-ENCEPHALITIC if seen in the CNS
Trypanosoma cruzi
- causes the CHAGAS DISEASE
- transmitted by the KISSING BUG
- seen as BITES ON THE FACE–delivered through INSECT FECES then infect the insect bite
11
Q
describe DIPLOMONADIDA
A
- UNICELLULAR
- LACKS MITOCHONDRIA
- is SPINDLE SHAPED and has FLAGELLA
12
Q
what bacteria causes GIARDIASIS?
A
Giardia lamblia
- type of WATER BORNE DISEASE
- cysts are EXCRETED IN FECES and SURVIVE IN ENVIRONMENT
- can be seen in even FORMITE–OBJECTS THAT CARRY THE INFECTION
13
Q
describe PHYLUM METAMONADA and what bacteria/disease does it cause?
A
- CLASS: PARABASALA
- is UNICELLULAR
- often has a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP with ANIMALS
- contains a SMALL REDUCED FORM OF MITOCHONDRIA
- often has a SPINDLE SHAPE with a CLUSTER OF FLAGELLA at ONE END OF CELLS
Trichenomas vaginalis
- has NO CYST STAGE
- transmits HOST TO HOST
- cause of VAGINAL INFECTION
14
Q
describe APICOMPLEXA and what are its SPECIFIC ORGANISMS in its group?
A
- its MATURE FORM ARE NON-MOTILE
- type of OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE
- has COMPLEX ORGANELLES at the TIP OF ITS CELLS
- its ORGANELLES has specific ENZYMES to PENETRATE HOST TISSUE
- forms specific cysts known as OOCYSTS–specific reproductive structure where new cells are reproduced asexually
ORGANISMS:
- Plasomodium
- Cryptosporidium
15
Q
describe Plasmodium
A
the CAUSATIVE AGEnT OF MALARIA
- begins to INFECT THE RBC
- its DEFINITIVE HOST: is the MOSQUITO–begins to grow inside by SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- transmits through MOSQUITO BITE
- its INTERMEDIATE HOST: is the HUMAN–begins to grow inside by ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
16
Q
describe Cryptosporidium
A
- causes DIARRHEAL DISEASE
- begins to live inside the LINING OF SMALL INTESTINE CELLS
- transmitted through FECES OF COWS, DOGS, RODENTS and CATS
- begins to form OOCYTES and releases SPOROZOITES–specific MOTILE SPORE that infects NEW CELLS
17
Q
describe CILIOPHORA and what is its singular disease causing organism?
A
- HAVE CILIA
- MOVE IN UNISON
- the MOST WELL-KNOWN Paramecium
Balantidium coli
- causes SEVERE RARE DYSENTRY
- has specific TROPHOZITE STAGE–feeds on HOST CELLS and TISSUE
- cyst is EXCRETED IN FECES
18
Q
describe FUNGI
A
- has CHITIN IN CELL WALLS
- all of them are HETEROTROPHS
- most are AEROBES and FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
19
Q
what are the THREE MAIN MORPHOLOGIES of FUNGI?
A
- UNICELLULAR–YEAST
- MOLDS–MULTICELLULAR and FILAMENTOUS
- FLESHY FUNGUS–is MULTICELLULAR, has FRUITING BODIES, and MUSHROOMS
20
Q
describe YEASTS
A
- NONFILAMENTOUS
- UNICELLULAR
- divide by BUDDING OR FISSION
- have PSEUDO HYPCHAE–buds FAIL TO DETACH AND FORM A CHAIN
- helps in FERMENTING CARBS to PRODUCE ALCOHOL
21
Q
describe MOLDY and FLESHY FUNGUS
A
- has a THALLUS (BODY) that has LONG FILAMENTOUS CELLS known as HYPHAE
- HYPHAE: grow by elongating the TIP
22
Q
describe the TYPES OF HYPHAE (5)
A
- SEPARATED - divided by the cell wall
- COENOCYTIC - has NO CELL EALL, looks like ONE LONG CELL with lots of NUCLEI
- VEGETATIVE HYPHAE - gathers NUTRIENTS
- REPRODUCTIVE/AERIAL HYPHAE - project is ABOVE SURFACE on which FUNGUS IS GROWING
- MYCELIUM - a VISIBLE MASS OF HYPHAE
23
Q
definition of DIMORPHIC FUNGI
A
where FUNGI GROW as BOTH YEASTS and FILAMENTOUS MOLDS
24
Q
describe PATHOGENIC FUNGI–conditions they like (temp.)
A
temperature dependent
- likes around 37 C for YEAST-LIKE
- likes around 25 C for MOLD-LIKE
25
how does FUNGI REPRODUCE?
- can reproduce SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY
- both OCCUR BY SPORES
26
describe ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION for FUNGI and are the types of ASEXUAL SPORES?
use of ASEXUAL SPORES that form from HYPHAE of ONE ORGANISM
- is GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO PARENT CELLS
- has two types; CONDIOSPORES and SPORANGIOSPORES
27
describe CONDIOSPORES and what are the FOUR TYPES?
- NOT ENCLOSED IN A SAC
1. CONDIDIASPORES
- chain of spores at the END OF CONIDIOPHORE
2. ARTHROCONIDIA
- a FRAGMENTATION of SEPTATE HYPHAE into a SINGLE THICK WALLED CELL OR SPORES
3. BASTOCONIDIA
- formation of BUDS AT END OF PARENT CELLS
4. CLAMDOCONIDIA
- a THICK WALLED SPORE FORMED WITHIN HYPHAL SEGMENT
28
definition of SPORANGIOSPORES
spores that form within a SPORANGIUM or SAC at the end of AERIAL HYPHAE
29
describe SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI
- has THREE PHASES
**FUNGI--are HAPLOID ORGANISMS--only have ONE COPY OF CHROMOSOME
1. PLASMOGAMY
- specific HAPLOID DONOR CELL (+) and RECIPIENT CELL ( - ) FUSE TOGETHER - forms TWO NUCLEI CELL
2. KARYOGAMY
- both NUCLEI FUSE and form DIPLOID ZYGOTE
3. MEIOSIS
- DIPLOID NUCLEUS divides to form HAPLOID SPORES
30
describe the GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
grow better at pH 5
- somewhat RESISTANT to OSMOTIC PRESSURE--can GROW IN HIGH SUGAR and SALT CONC.
- can grow in LOW MOISTURE
31
what are the THREE IMPORTANT GROUPS OF FUNGI?
- MUCOROMYCOTA
- ASCOMYCOTA
- BASIDOMYCOTA
32
describe MUCOROMYCOTA
- is SAPROPHYTIC
- has COENOCYTIC HYPAHE (NON-SEPTATED)
- has ASEXUAL SPORES--SPORANGIOSPORES
- has SEXUAL SPORES--ZYGOSPORE
33
describe ASCOMYCOTA
- has SEPTATE HYPHAE
- has ASEXUAL SPORES--CONIDIA
- has SEXUAL SPORES--ASCOSPORES--spores in sac known as ASCUS
34
describe BASIDIOMYCOTA
- has SEPTATE HYCHAE
- includes FUNGI THAT MAKE MUSHROOMS
- has ASEXUAL SPORES--HYPHAE BREAK OFF AND GROW
- has SEXUAL SPORES--known as BASIDIOSPORES (typically seen at the BASE OF PEDESTAL known as BASIDIUM)
35
describe the important mold--*Rhizopus spp.*
- type of MUCOROMYCOTA
- HAS ASEPTATE HYPHAE--contains RHIZOIDS, STOLONS, and SPORANGIOSPHORES
- seen in *R. stolonifer* (bread mold) and *R. arrhizus* (zygomycosis)
36
definition of RHIZOIDS
root like structures that ANCHOR HYPHAE to the SUBSTRATE
37
definition of STOLON
specific RUNNERS or HORIZONTAL CONNECTIONS between SPORANGIOSPHORES
38
describe MEDICALLY IMPORTANT YEAST--*Candida albicans*
- begins to PRODUCE PSEUDOHYPHAE
- chains of BUDDING YEAST
- from NONSEXUAL SPORES--spores that form on the PSEUDOHYPHAE
PATHOGENESIS:
- causes THRUSH (ORAL)
- VAGINITIS
- CANDIDIASIS (SKIN)
39
describe MEDICALLY IMPORTANT MOLD--*Asergillus spp.* and diseases
- has WHITE RING MOLD
- type of ASCOMYCOTA
- HAS SEPTATE HYPHAE
*A. fumigatus*
causes aspergillosis/asthma)
*A. soyae*
causes soy fermentation
40
describe MEDICALLY IMPORTANT MOLD--*Penicillium spp.* and bacteriums (3)
- type of ASCOMYOTA
- has GREEN MOLD with FURROWS
- has THIN SEPTA HYPHAE
- *P. notatum* (PENICILIN)
- *P. roquefortii*
- *P. camembertii*
41
what are some MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS?
REISHI
- used in traditional Chinese medicine
- claimed to BOOST IMMUNITY
LIONS MANE
- used in traditional Chinese medicine
- claimed to IMPROVE COGNITIVE FUNCTION and treat STOMACH AND DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS
42
describe INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT YEAST--*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*
- type of ASCOMYCOTA
- SEXUAL--creation of ASCOSPORES
- ASEXUAL -- creation of BLASTOCONIDIA
- begins to FORM BACTERIAL COLONIES
- important in producing BREAD, WINE, and BEER
43
describe INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT YEAST--*Aspergillus niger*
creation of NITRIC ACID and used for SOFT DRINKS and SODAS
44
describe LICHENS
- SLOW GROWING ORGANISMS
- has a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH FUNGUS (MYCOBIONT) and ALGAE (PHYCOBIONT)
- provides PROTECTION AGAINST DRYING while ALGAE PROVIDES NUTRIENTS FROM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
45
describe ALGAE
- EUKARYOTIC
- type of PHOTOAUTOTROPH
- can be UNICELLULAR, MULTICELLULAR, and FILAMENTOUS
- can be seen in AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS, and VERY MOIST SOIL
- can go through SEXUAL and ASEXUAL REPRODUTION
46
what are our TYPES OF ALGAE? (6)
- BROWN ALGAE
- RED ALGAE
- GREEN ALGAE
- DIATOMS
- DINOFLAGELLATES
- WATER MOLDS (OOMYCOTA)
47
describe BROWN ALGAE
- MACROSCOPIC (often seen as KELP)
- MULTICELLULAR
- MARINE
48
describe RED ALGAE
- often has a RED OR BLUE COLOR due to the masking of CHLOROPHYLL by PHYCOBILIN PIGMENTS
- can range from SINGLE CELL to BRANCHED FILAMENTOUS
- can often be used as AGAR FOR PETRI DISHES
49
describe GREEN ALGAE
- can be UNICELLULAR and MULTICELLULAR
- is PHOTOSYNTHETIC
- often seen in FRESHWATER
50
describe DIATOMS
- can be UNICELLULAR or MULTICELLULAR
- can cause NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
due to production of TOXINS
- toxins begin to CREATE DOMOIC ACID--very CONCENTRATED IN MUSSELS (they eat diatoms)--mussels are then eaten by humans
51
describe DINOFLAGELLATES
- UNICELLULAR
- they are FREE FLOATING--PLANKTONS
- NON-MOTILE
- a CRUCIAL SOURCE OF FOOD for LARGE AQUATIC ORGANISMS
- can also cause NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE--toxins begin to accumulate in FISH
52
describe WATER MOLDS (OOMYCOTA)
- type of DECOMPOSERS
- can be HETEROTROPHIC, SAPROPHYTIC, and PARASITIC
- cause of POTATO BLIGHT
53
describe HELMINTHS
- type of PARASITIC WORMS
- part of their LIFE CYCLE is WITHIN HUMANS OR OTHER HOSTS
- LARVA (EGGS)--typically MICROSCOPIC
54
what is the CLASSIFICATION of HELMINTHS?
DOMAIN:
- EUKARYA
KINGDOM:
- ANIMALIA
PHYLUMS:
- PLATYHELMINTHES
- ASCHELHELMINTHES (no longer a phylum)
55
what are the CHARACTERISTICS OF PARASITIC HELMINTHS?
- NO DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- have a REDUCED NERVOUS SYSTEM
- have REDUCED or NO MEANS OF LOCOMOTION (host to host transfer)
- have a COMPLEX REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEm
- can be DIOECIOUS (individually M or F) and MONOECIOUS (HERMAPHRODITIC) (has both M or F reproductive systems)
55
describe PARASITIC HELMINTHS and their HOSTS
- they are types of PARASITES--begin to live, feed, develop, grow IN or ON another organism AT THEIR EXPENSE
- has MULTIPLE HOSTS; DEFINITIVE HOST (the mature stage of parasite--sexual reproduction)
- INTERMEDIATE HOSTS (the IMMATURE STAGE)
**HUMANS CAN BE EITHER HOST
56
what are our PLATYHELMINTHES?
- TERMATODES
- CESTODES/TAPE WORMS
57
describe TERMATODES
- specific PARASITIC FLATWORMS that are known as FLUKES
- have FLAT BODIES WITH SUCKERS--hold onto their host
- begins to absorb FOOD AND NUTRIENTS through OUTER COVERING known as CUTICLE
- same based on TISSUE WHERE THEY LIVE--LIVER FLUKE
58
what are the REPRESENTATIVE GENERA of TERMATODES--2?
*FASCIOLA/FASCIOLOPSIS*
- known as LIVER FLUKES--begins to INFECT LIVER OF HOSTS
- creation of FASCIOLOSIS (food-borne)
*SCHISTOSOMA*
- known as BLOOD FLUKES
- they are DIOECIOUS
- often seen in the BLOOD VESSEL of DEFINITIVE HOST (HUMANS AND DOGS)
- causes SCHISTOSOMIASIS (a slow infection--where any unpassed eggs causes INFLAMMATION AND SCARRING, and even ANEMIA ETC...)
59
definition of MIRACIDIUM
free SWIMMING CILIATED LARVA STAGE in which the fluke passes form egg to its FIRST HOST
60
definition of CERCARIAR (CERKARIA)
FREE SWIMMING LARVA in which the parasite passes from ONE HOST TO ANOTHER
61
definition of METACERCARIAE
an ENCYSTED CERCARIAE
62
describe CESTODES/TAPEWORM ANATOMY
- have BULBOUS HEADS --known as SCOLAX
- they have a SEGMENTED BODY--known as PROGLOTTID
- MATURE PROGLOTTIDS--contain both M and F reproductive organs (have FERTILIZED EGGS)
- NO DIGESTIVE SYSTEM--gets food from CUTICLE
63
describe TAPEWORMS
- often seen in FECES OF HUMANS THAT HAVE MATURE PROGLOTTIDS that have THOUSANDS OF EGGS --known as GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS
- seen through HUMAN INFECTION OF EATING UNCOOKED MEAT
- can grow up to 30 METERS LONG!!
64
what are our ASCHELHELMINTHES?
just NEMATODES--ROUNDWORMS
65
describe NEMATODES--ROUNDWORMS and the TYPES--most common where?
- these are the MOST COMMON PARASITES found inside CATS AND DOGS
- can also see infections in HUMANS
1. ASCARIASIS
2. HOOKWORM
66
describe *Ascaris lumbricoides* or another wise known as ASCARIASIS
- a very LARGE NEMATODE that INFECTS OVER 1 BILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE (cause of ASCARIASIS--MALNUTRITION)
- is DIOECIOUS with SEXUAL DIMORPHISM (male has more of a curved tail and is smaller)
- often lives within the HUMAN SMALL INTESTINE
- eggs are EXCRETED IN FECES--lives in SOIL FOR A LONG TIME
- can be ACCIDENTLY INGESTED by ANOTHER HOST
67
name of microorganism--causative agent for HOOKWORM
*B. Necator americanus*
68
describe ARTHROPOD VECTORS
- arthropods carrying pathogenic organisms known as VECTORS
- suck BLOod from INFECTED HOST and PASS TO NEW HOST by BITING
- can be ways of REPLICATION/GROWTH or just PASSENGERS
69
definition of ZOONOSIS
diseases that are TRANSMITTED FROM ANIMAL TO HUMAN
70
describe MITES and specific disease
causes SCABIES--*Sarcoptes scabiei*
- mostly transmitted from PERSON TO PERSON
71
describe TICKS and specific diseases
- they are SOFT BODIED and HARD BODIED
DISEASES:
- LYME DISEASE *B. burgdorferi*
- RELAPSING FEVER *Borrelia*
- ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER *Rickettsia rickettsii*
72
describe LICE and specific diseases
- can INFECT HUMAN SCALP, BODY, and PUBIC HAIR that feeds on dead skin
- can BE VECTORS FOR DISEASE
- causes EPIDEMIC THYPUS (*Rickettsia prowazekii*)
73
what diseases do MOSQUITOS SPREAD?
- MALARIA (*Plasmodium*)
- DENGUE FEVER (DENGUE VIRUS)
- YELLOW FEVER (VIRUS)
