prokaryotes Flashcards
prokaryotes division
bacteria, archaea
bacteria division
eubacteria, cyanobacteria
bacteria first formed
around 3.5 years ago
archaea
anaerobic(obligatory, facultatively) extremophiles
obligatory anaerobic meaning
oxygen kills
facultatively abaerobic
oxygen doesn`t kill
extremophiles meaning
surviving in extreme or harsh environments
extremophiles 3 kinds
halophiles, methanogens, thermophiles
halophiles
live in salty environments (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake)
mathanogens
make methane gas(CH4) as a product of respiration
thermophiles
live in hot or acidic environments (volcanoes, Yellowstone National Park)
Eubacteria
omnipresent, could be harmful or helpful
omnipresent meaning
they exist everywhere
harmful eubacteria
pathogenic(cause diseases)
helpful eubacteria
they have a variety of uses
eubacteria uses
food and drink production, in our body, sewage decomposition, nitrogen fixation in roots, mining, bioremediation, human recreation
food and drink production use
fermentation(kvašení),
drinks - kombucha, ginger beer, kvass, kefir
baking - baker`s yeast
use in our body
lasctobacillus - helps with lactose intolerance, break down food
e.coli - helps break down and digest food
sewage decomposition
bacteria break down the organic matter
nitrogen fixation in roots
helps plants take up H2O and nutrients from soil - legumes
mining use
biomining = use of bacteria to leach out metals from ores
human recreation
artificial snow-making
bacteria cell structure
3 protective layers - plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule
fragellum for moving
pili
ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, inclusion bodies
bacterial shapes
typical and atypical
typical bacterial shapes
cocci, bacilli, spirilli, spirochete, vibrios, coccobacillus
atypical bacterial shapes
pleiomorphic, mycoplasms
cocci
spherical or round
bacilli
rod-shaped
spirilli
spiral-shaped
spirochete
helical-shaped
vibrios
curved rod
coccobacillus
very short rod
pleiomorphic
vary in size in shape:
- star-shaped
- rectangular or cube-shaped
mycoplasms
can change shape
lack a rigid cell wall
have a strong cell membrane
bacterian groupings
1 plane, 2 planes, several planes
1 plane
diplo-(pair)
strepto-(chain)
2 planes
tetrad(packet of 4)
several planes
staphylo-(grape-like clusters)
Gram staining
-developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884
-help identify different types of bacteria
-uses difference in cell wall composition to differentiate between bacteria
- can help determine which type of antibiotics will be the most effective against a particular bacteria
Gram positive
cell wall - thick, 2 layers, no outer lipid membrane
colour - purple
penicillinum - more susceptible
Gram negative
cell wall - 3 layers, outer lipid membrane
colour - pink, light red
penicillinum - less susceptible
Eubacteria reproduction
asexual, sexual, spore formation
Asexual reproduction
binary fission, no genetic diversity, rapid massive reproduction possible
genetic diversity
biological variation that results in different species, helps adaptation
sexual reproduction
=conjugation:
- pili form bridge between different bacteria
- genetic material is transferred
-possible genetic diversity
- allows bacteria to transfer imunity to antibiotics to other species
spore formation
endospores:
- formed under conditions of environmental stress
- thick-walled and contain genetic information
- extremely resistant to heat, drought, cold, UV light and toxic chemicals
How do bacteria cause disease
metabolize host - secretion of enzymes to eat host tissue, produce toxins - bacterial waste can be toxic to most cells
Controlling growth
sterilization, disinfection, pasteurization, sanitization, preservation, antibiotics
sterilization
removal of all microorganisms
-surgical instruments
disinfection
removal of most microbes
-lysol wipes
pasteurization
heating product twice to get rid of microorganisms
-milk
sanitization
microbes removed to a safe public health standart
- restaurants
preservation
process to delay spoilage of consumable goods
-cheese
antibiotics
a substance produced by microorganisms that in small amounts inhibits another microorganism
-usually produced naturally by a bacteria or fungus
Anthrax
-sněť slezinná
-serious infectious disease
-caused by Bacillus anthracis
-haemorrhaging(massive bleeding), tissue decay(rozklad tkaní), ulcer(vřed)
-very high mortality
- transmission with contact with infected animal or contaminated animal products
-potent biological weapon(letter bomb)
Lyme disease
=borelióza
-early sign: a rash on the skin that looks like a bull`s eye
-transmitted through the tick bite
-symptoms: muscle and joint pain, fever, stiff neck, flu-like symptoms
Gonorrhea
=kapavka
-STD
-often no symptoms
-pain bleeding with sex
-swollen genitals
Syphilis
-chronic, systematic and infectious
-caused by a Treponema pallidum
-STD, blood transfusions, during birth
-stages:
-primary stage - painless ulcer develops and heals on its own within 2-3 weeks
-secondary stage - fever, sore throat and weakness
-tertiary stage - ulcerated lesion(leze) in the skin, any organ can be affected; blindness, paralysis and insanity
Pertussis
=whooping cough, černý kašel
-upper respiratory infection
-can cause permanent disability in infants and even death
Tetanus
=lockjaw
-fatal disease
-affects the central nervous system by causing painful muscular spasms(křeč)
-leads to respiratory paralysis and death
-transmission through a wound or cut exposed to contaminated soil
Leprosis
=lepra, malomocenství
- caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- affects skin and nerves of the hands and feet, eyes and nose
- transmission: direct contact, breathing
Diphtheria
=záškrt
-short incubation period(2-5 days)
-symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fever, sore throat swollen neck
-transmission: direct physical contact or brething
Plague
=mor
-high mortality
-carried by fleas(blecha)
-skin and other tissues can turn black and die
-bubonic, pulmonary
Streptococcus
Pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis, bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, eryspela, necrotizing fasciitis
Pharyngitis
inflammation(zánět) of pharynx(hltan)
Rheumatic fever
inflammation of heart
scarlet fever
Spála
similar to tonsilitis(angina), raspberry colored tongue
acute glomerulonephritis
inflammation of kidney
bacterial pneumonia
inflammation of lungs
meningitis
inflammation of meninges (mozkové blány)
endocarditis
inflammation of heart
eryspela
red rash on skin
necrotizing fasciitis
=flesh eating, masozerova bacterie
-starts with a trauma
cure:antibiotics, amputation
staphylococcus aureus
skin, meat - food poisoning, blood poisoning, produces toxins, starts from small injury
First form: phlem - cleaning, disinfection - easily cured
Second form: damage tissues, inner organs
phlem
hnis
Salmonella
from egg yolks and chicken meat
symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea abdominal cramps
epiglottitis
=zanet hrtanove priklopky
inflammation of epiglottis - divides 2 systems: respiratory and digestive
impetigo
highly contagious
prevention - hygiene
typhus, paratyphoid fever
different types, different bacteria
epidemies, pandemics
cough, high fever, delirium - death
Meningococcal disease
severe
forms:
1) septicaemia - which occurs when the germ invades the bloodstream and causes blood poisoning
- stripe from injury to heart
2)meningitis - zapal mozkovych blan, which occurs when the germ infects and causes inflammation of the outer lining around the brain and spinal cord(micha)
symptoms: fever, stiff neck, headache, dislike of bright lights, vomiting, joint or muscle pain, letargy, confusion and coma, rash
cholera
from bacteria vibrio cholerae
transmission: alimentary (contaminated water or food)
symptoms: diarrhea, severe dehydration - death
dysentery
úplavice
inflammation of intestine, pain severe diarrhea, frequent stools often containing blood and mucus
intestine
střevo
mucus
hlen, sliz
legionnaires disease
transmission through water systems
causes pneumonia
tuberculosis
can affect many part of a body, usually lungs
symptoms: night sweating, cough with blood, losing weight, pale skin
botulism
paralytic disease
caused by botulinum toxin
Cyanobacteria
Autotrophic (photosynthetic),
live in aquatic environments, soil
Photosynthetic product - starch
Chlorophyll, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
Chlorophyll
Green cyanobacteria
Phycocyanin
Blue cyanobacteria
Phycoerythrin
Red cyanobacteria
Forms of cyanobacteria
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous (branched, unbranched)
Cyanobacteria cell structure
Cell wall, chromoplast -pigments, central body-nucleus, circular dna, heterocyst - enzym nitrogenase (nitrogen fixation)
Cyanobacteria reproduction
Vegetative, asexual
Cyanobacteria vegetative reproduction
Fragmentation
Cyanobacteria asexual reproduction
Akinetes = hypnospores(climate resistant, survives in bad condition in the state of dormancy)
By fission
Importance of cyanobacteria
Production of oxygen
Nitrogen fixation
Can be used as food
Can pollute the water source
High concentration may cause fish toxicity and other microorganism - cyanotoxins
Airborne
You can catch it from the air
