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prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotes division

A

bacteria, archaea

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2
Q

bacteria division

A

eubacteria, cyanobacteria

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3
Q

bacteria first formed

A

around 3.5 years ago

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4
Q

archaea

A

anaerobic(obligatory, facultatively) extremophiles

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5
Q

obligatory anaerobic meaning

A

oxygen kills

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6
Q

facultatively abaerobic

A

oxygen doesn`t kill

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7
Q

extremophiles meaning

A

surviving in extreme or harsh environments

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8
Q

extremophiles 3 kinds

A

halophiles, methanogens, thermophiles

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9
Q

halophiles

A

live in salty environments (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake)

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10
Q

mathanogens

A

make methane gas(CH4) as a product of respiration

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11
Q

thermophiles

A

live in hot or acidic environments (volcanoes, Yellowstone National Park)

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12
Q

Eubacteria

A

omnipresent, could be harmful or helpful

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13
Q

omnipresent meaning

A

they exist everywhere

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14
Q

harmful eubacteria

A

pathogenic(cause diseases)

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15
Q

helpful eubacteria

A

they have a variety of uses

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16
Q

eubacteria uses

A

food and drink production, in our body, sewage decomposition, nitrogen fixation in roots, mining, bioremediation, human recreation

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17
Q

food and drink production use

A

fermentation(kvašení),
drinks - kombucha, ginger beer, kvass, kefir
baking - baker`s yeast

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18
Q

use in our body

A

lasctobacillus - helps with lactose intolerance, break down food
e.coli - helps break down and digest food

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19
Q

sewage decomposition

A

bacteria break down the organic matter

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20
Q

nitrogen fixation in roots

A

helps plants take up H2O and nutrients from soil - legumes

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21
Q

mining use

A

biomining = use of bacteria to leach out metals from ores

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22
Q

human recreation

A

artificial snow-making

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23
Q

bacteria cell structure

A

3 protective layers - plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule
fragellum for moving
pili
ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, inclusion bodies

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24
Q

bacterial shapes

A

typical and atypical

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25
Q

typical bacterial shapes

A

cocci, bacilli, spirilli, spirochete, vibrios, coccobacillus

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26
Q

atypical bacterial shapes

A

pleiomorphic, mycoplasms

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27
Q

cocci

A

spherical or round

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28
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped

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29
Q

spirilli

A

spiral-shaped

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30
Q

spirochete

A

helical-shaped

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31
Q

vibrios

A

curved rod

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32
Q

coccobacillus

A

very short rod

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33
Q

pleiomorphic

A

vary in size in shape:
- star-shaped
- rectangular or cube-shaped

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34
Q

mycoplasms

A

can change shape
lack a rigid cell wall
have a strong cell membrane

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35
Q

bacterian groupings

A

1 plane, 2 planes, several planes

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36
Q

1 plane

A

diplo-(pair)
strepto-(chain)

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37
Q

2 planes

A

tetrad(packet of 4)

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38
Q

several planes

A

staphylo-(grape-like clusters)

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39
Q

Gram staining

A

-developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884
-help identify different types of bacteria
-uses difference in cell wall composition to differentiate between bacteria
- can help determine which type of antibiotics will be the most effective against a particular bacteria

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40
Q

Gram positive

A

cell wall - thick, 2 layers, no outer lipid membrane
colour - purple
penicillinum - more susceptible

41
Q

Gram negative

A

cell wall - 3 layers, outer lipid membrane
colour - pink, light red
penicillinum - less susceptible

42
Q

Eubacteria reproduction

A

asexual, sexual, spore formation

43
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

binary fission, no genetic diversity, rapid massive reproduction possible

44
Q

genetic diversity

A

biological variation that results in different species, helps adaptation

45
Q

sexual reproduction

A

=conjugation:
- pili form bridge between different bacteria
- genetic material is transferred
-possible genetic diversity
- allows bacteria to transfer imunity to antibiotics to other species

46
Q

spore formation

A

endospores:
- formed under conditions of environmental stress
- thick-walled and contain genetic information
- extremely resistant to heat, drought, cold, UV light and toxic chemicals

46
Q

How do bacteria cause disease

A

metabolize host - secretion of enzymes to eat host tissue, produce toxins - bacterial waste can be toxic to most cells

47
Q

Controlling growth

A

sterilization, disinfection, pasteurization, sanitization, preservation, antibiotics

48
Q

sterilization

A

removal of all microorganisms
-surgical instruments

49
Q

disinfection

A

removal of most microbes
-lysol wipes

50
Q

pasteurization

A

heating product twice to get rid of microorganisms
-milk

51
Q

sanitization

A

microbes removed to a safe public health standart
- restaurants

52
Q

preservation

A

process to delay spoilage of consumable goods
-cheese

53
Q

antibiotics

A

a substance produced by microorganisms that in small amounts inhibits another microorganism
-usually produced naturally by a bacteria or fungus

54
Q

Anthrax

A

-sněť slezinná
-serious infectious disease
-caused by Bacillus anthracis
-haemorrhaging(massive bleeding), tissue decay(rozklad tkaní), ulcer(vřed)
-very high mortality
- transmission with contact with infected animal or contaminated animal products
-potent biological weapon(letter bomb)

55
Q

Lyme disease

A

=borelióza
-early sign: a rash on the skin that looks like a bull`s eye
-transmitted through the tick bite
-symptoms: muscle and joint pain, fever, stiff neck, flu-like symptoms

56
Q

Gonorrhea

A

=kapavka
-STD
-often no symptoms
-pain bleeding with sex
-swollen genitals

57
Q

Syphilis

A

-chronic, systematic and infectious
-caused by a Treponema pallidum
-STD, blood transfusions, during birth
-stages:
-primary stage - painless ulcer develops and heals on its own within 2-3 weeks
-secondary stage - fever, sore throat and weakness
-tertiary stage - ulcerated lesion(leze) in the skin, any organ can be affected; blindness, paralysis and insanity

58
Q

Pertussis

A

=whooping cough, černý kašel
-upper respiratory infection
-can cause permanent disability in infants and even death

59
Q

Tetanus

A

=lockjaw
-fatal disease
-affects the central nervous system by causing painful muscular spasms(křeč)
-leads to respiratory paralysis and death
-transmission through a wound or cut exposed to contaminated soil

60
Q

Leprosis

A

=lepra, malomocenství
- caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- affects skin and nerves of the hands and feet, eyes and nose
- transmission: direct contact, breathing

61
Q

Diphtheria

A

=záškrt
-short incubation period(2-5 days)
-symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fever, sore throat swollen neck
-transmission: direct physical contact or brething

62
Q

Plague

A

=mor
-high mortality
-carried by fleas(blecha)
-skin and other tissues can turn black and die
-bubonic, pulmonary

63
Q

Streptococcus

A

Pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis, bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, eryspela, necrotizing fasciitis

64
Q

Pharyngitis

A

inflammation(zánět) of pharynx(hltan)

65
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

inflammation of heart

66
Q

scarlet fever

A

Spála
similar to tonsilitis(angina), raspberry colored tongue

67
Q

acute glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of kidney

68
Q

bacterial pneumonia

A

inflammation of lungs

69
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges (mozkové blány)

70
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of heart

71
Q

eryspela

A

red rash on skin

72
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

=flesh eating, masozerova bacterie
-starts with a trauma
cure:antibiotics, amputation

73
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

skin, meat - food poisoning, blood poisoning, produces toxins, starts from small injury
First form: phlem - cleaning, disinfection - easily cured
Second form: damage tissues, inner organs

74
Q

phlem

A

hnis

75
Q

Salmonella

A

from egg yolks and chicken meat
symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea abdominal cramps

76
Q

epiglottitis

A

=zanet hrtanove priklopky
inflammation of epiglottis - divides 2 systems: respiratory and digestive

77
Q

impetigo

A

highly contagious
prevention - hygiene

78
Q

typhus, paratyphoid fever

A

different types, different bacteria
epidemies, pandemics
cough, high fever, delirium - death

79
Q

Meningococcal disease

A

severe
forms:
1) septicaemia - which occurs when the germ invades the bloodstream and causes blood poisoning
- stripe from injury to heart
2)meningitis - zapal mozkovych blan, which occurs when the germ infects and causes inflammation of the outer lining around the brain and spinal cord(micha)
symptoms: fever, stiff neck, headache, dislike of bright lights, vomiting, joint or muscle pain, letargy, confusion and coma, rash

80
Q

cholera

A

from bacteria vibrio cholerae
transmission: alimentary (contaminated water or food)
symptoms: diarrhea, severe dehydration - death

81
Q

dysentery

A

úplavice
inflammation of intestine, pain severe diarrhea, frequent stools often containing blood and mucus

82
Q

intestine

A

střevo

83
Q

mucus

A

hlen, sliz

84
Q

legionnaires disease

A

transmission through water systems
causes pneumonia

85
Q

tuberculosis

A

can affect many part of a body, usually lungs
symptoms: night sweating, cough with blood, losing weight, pale skin

86
Q

botulism

A

paralytic disease
caused by botulinum toxin

87
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Autotrophic (photosynthetic),
live in aquatic environments, soil
Photosynthetic product - starch
Chlorophyll, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin

88
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green cyanobacteria

89
Q

Phycocyanin

A

Blue cyanobacteria

90
Q

Phycoerythrin

A

Red cyanobacteria

91
Q

Forms of cyanobacteria

A

Unicellular, colonial, filamentous (branched, unbranched)

92
Q

Cyanobacteria cell structure

A

Cell wall, chromoplast -pigments, central body-nucleus, circular dna, heterocyst - enzym nitrogenase (nitrogen fixation)

93
Q

Cyanobacteria reproduction

A

Vegetative, asexual

94
Q

Cyanobacteria vegetative reproduction

A

Fragmentation

95
Q

Cyanobacteria asexual reproduction

A

Akinetes = hypnospores(climate resistant, survives in bad condition in the state of dormancy)
By fission

96
Q

Importance of cyanobacteria

A

Production of oxygen
Nitrogen fixation
Can be used as food
Can pollute the water source
High concentration may cause fish toxicity and other microorganism - cyanotoxins

97
Q

Airborne

A

You can catch it from the air

Biology (8 decks)

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