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cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromatin function

A

controls all activities of the cell, its metabolism. carries genetic information. creates proteins

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2
Q

Nucleic acids

A

special group of chemicals in cells concerned with the transmission of inherited information. Made of nucleotides.

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3
Q

genome

A

all chromosomes(2x23)

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4
Q

all chromosomes

A

46, 22 homological - diploids(about physics, illnesses)
2 sexual - about sex (XX, XY)

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5
Q

somatic cells

A

diploid(2 sets of gens), 2n, almost every cell

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6
Q

sexual cells

A

haploid(1 set of gens), n, sperms and eggs

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7
Q

DNA

A

double helix, deoxyribose, missing OH group, long, inside the nucleus, stable, information storage, purine bases (A,G), pyrimidin bases (T,C)

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8
Q

RNA

A

single helix, ribose, additional OH group, short, all throughout the cell, fragile, active functions, purine basis (A,G), pyrimidin bases (U,C)

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9
Q

transcription, translation

A

unwinding DNA in the nucleus - RNA polymerase - making template strand - mRNA - leaving nucleus - attaching to ribosomes (made of RNA) - translation - tRNA(triplets) transfer amino acids

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10
Q

strand

A

plátno

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11
Q

nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus, no membrane, important for creating ribosomes

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12
Q

plasma membrane

A

semipermeable. function - transport, controls what goes in and out of a cell

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13
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer, inner surface, proteins

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14
Q

passive transport

A

without using energy - diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. caused by random movements of molecules, move with the concentration gradient

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15
Q

active transport

A

with using of energy - ion pump, exocytosis, endocytosis

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16
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration of a substance across a space

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

a process by which molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration until the equilibrium

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion, but bigger molecules(glucose) move by carrier proteins

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from a solution with their higher concentration to lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane

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20
Q

osmosis solutions

A

hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic

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21
Q

osmosis examples

A

plant roots, freshwater/saltwater fish, fingers placed in water

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22
Q

ATP

A

adenosin tri phosphate

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23
Q

Sodium/potassium pump

A

ion exchange, Na/K

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24
Q

Movement by vesicles

A

endocytosis - into a cell
exocytosis - out of the cell

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25
Q

pinocytosis

A

ingestion of fluids

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26
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of solids

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27
Q

vesicles

A

vezikuly, cellular envelope that transports material from one place to another

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28
Q

cell wall

A

a flexible outer barrier that surrounds plant cells

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29
Q

cell wall function

A

protection and support, controls plant shape and size, maintains turgor pressure(inner pressure of a cell), regulates movement in and out, incrustation, impregnation

30
Q

incrustation

A

storage of unorganic matters - improves strength of the cell wall

31
Q

impregnation

A

storage of organic matters - lignin(in wood), wax(cuticularization)

32
Q

Protoplasm

A

metabolically active living matter inside the cell

33
Q

protoplasm division

A

cytoplasm, nucleoplasm

34
Q

cytoplasm

A

liquid medium of the cell with cell organelles and other cell structure. 75-80% water + different molecules

35
Q

ribosomes

A

made of RNA and protein, synthesized in nucleolus

36
Q

ribosomes function

A

read RNA and synthesize proteins, responsible for translation, proteosynthesis

37
Q

ribosomes location

A

in nucleolus, ER, cytoplasm

38
Q

proteosynthesis

A

creation of proteins from amino acids

39
Q

Endoplasmatic reticulum

A

network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae

40
Q

ER functions

A

protein synthesis, folding and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane or to be secreted from the cell, separation of calcium, storage of macromolecules(lipids, steroids)

41
Q

ER types

A

smooth ER - metabolic processes
rough ER - targeting proteins

42
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

to process and package macromolecules synthesized by the cell (proteins and lipids)

43
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes, digest waste products, autolysis

44
Q

autolysis

A

the cell is digesting itself

45
Q

digestion

A

using the nutrients to make energy

46
Q

Cytosomes

A

are created in membranes of ER and Golgi, contain enzymes

47
Q

enzymes in cytosomes

A

peroxisomes, glyoxisomes, sterosomes, multivesicules

48
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain oxidases, dissolution of alcohol in liver

49
Q

glyoxisomes

A

dissolution of lipids and sugars

50
Q

sterosomes

A

create fat drops

51
Q

multivesicules

A

in endocrine organs

52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Dynamic structure that maintains cell shape, protects the cell, helps moving(flagella and cilia), helps intracellular transport and cellular division

53
Q

Centrosome

A

Area of cytoplasm close to nucleolus, contains centrioles (helps mitosis), 9 pairs of microtubules made to a circle

54
Q

Fragella and cilia

A

Movement of a cell and transport materials from the surroundings structure, made of 9 pairs of microtubules around and 2 central microtubules

55
Q

Fragella

A

Bičík

56
Q

Celia

A

Brvy

57
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances, used for products storage, secretory products, pigment granules

58
Q

Vacuoles

A

Vesicles filled with water

59
Q

Vacuoles function

A

Storage of food, water, oil, toxins, pigments and waste

60
Q

Tonoplast

A

The membrane covering the vacuoles

61
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Membrane enclosed organelle, generates ATP, plays role in apoptosis, cellular reproduction, heme synthesis, steroid synthesis, cellular respiration

62
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Breaking glucose to make ATP

63
Q

Plastids

A

In plant cells, double membrane, responsible for photosynthesis, storage of products, synthesis of molucules

64
Q

Plastids types

A

Chromoplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts, statoliths, elailoplasts, proteinoplasts, chloroplasts

65
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Pigment synthesis and storage (autumn leaves, red pepper) - yellowish colour

66
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Starch storage

67
Q

Statoliths

A

Detecting gravity

68
Q

Elailoplasts

A

Lipids storage

69
Q

Proteinoplasts

A

Proteins storage

70
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis, made of flat discs(thylakoids) in stacks (granum), inner and outer membrane, stroma, ribosomes and dna

71
Q

Interphase

A

G1 phase - growth, division
S phase - dna replication
G2 phase - growth, supplements

Biology (11 decks)

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