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algae + fungi Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

protista

A

unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes with specialized organelles

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2
Q

algae division

A

unicellular and multicellular

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3
Q

unicellular algae groups

A

euglenophytes, chrysophytes, diatoms, dinoflagellates

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4
Q

multicellular algae groups

A

green algae, red algae, brown algae

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5
Q

euglenophytes translation

A

krásnoočka

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6
Q

chrysophytes translation

A

zlativky

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7
Q

diatoms translation

A

rozsivky

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8
Q

dinoflagellates translation

A

obrněnky

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9
Q

unicellular algae description

A
  • contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis = autotrophic
  • accessory pigments help absorb light, give algae a variety of colours
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10
Q

euglenophytes

A

=krásnoočka
- autotrophs when sunny
- heterotrophs when dark
- unicellular
- found mostly in fresh water
- some have flagellum

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11
Q

chrysophytes

A

= zlativky
= golden algae, fresh water
- with flagella
- facultatively heterotrophic (lack of light)
- forms: free swimming, filamentous, colonial

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11
Q

diatoms

A

= rozsivky
- unicellular
- glasslike cell walls
- used in toothpastes, scouring products, and as filters (swimming pools)

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12
Q

dinoflagellates

A

= obrněnky
- unicellular
- covered in stiff plates
- have 2 flagella
- may glow in the dark
- found in the ocean

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13
Q

multicellular algae description

A
  • relatively simple aquatic organisms
  • able to photosynthesis (produce oxygen)
  • dont have leaves, roots, flowers. vascular tissue - have phyla
  • live in damp places (fresh and saline water), but can endure dryness and other conditions in symbiosis with a fungus as lichen
  • contain chlorophyll-a and other photosynthetic pigments
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14
Q

endure

A

vydržet

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15
Q

lichen

A

lišejník

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16
Q

multicellular algae are

A

relatively simple aquatic organisms

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17
Q

multicellular algae are able to

A

photosynthesize - produce oxygen

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18
Q

multicellular algae dont have

A

roots, flowers, vascular tissue - have phyla

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19
Q

multicellular algae live in

A

damp places(fresh and saline water), but can endure dryness and other conditions in symbiosis with a fungus as lichen

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20
Q

damp places

A

slightly wet, moist - vlhký

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21
Q

multicellular algae contain

A

chlorophyll-a and other photosynthetic pigments

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22
Q

importance of algae

A
  • free floating phytoplankton provide the food base for most marine food chains
  • some are used as human food
  • harvested for useful substances such as agar or fertilizer
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23
Q

fertilizer

A

hnojivo

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24
Q

the study of marine algae

A

phycology or algology

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25
Q

symbiosis

A
  • algae that enter into symbiosis with fungus are called lichens
  • the stony corals which construct coral riffs formed a symbiotic partnership with single-celled algae called zooxanthellae
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26
Q

reproduction of algae

A

sexually and asexually

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27
Q

asexual reproduction of algae

A

by fragmentation and by spores (motile and non-motile)

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28
Q

sexual reproduction of algae

A

by the fusion of gametes

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29
Q

forms of reproduction of algae

A

isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy

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30
Q

isogamy

A

equal-sized motile gametes

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31
Q

anisogamy

A

motile gametes, different sizes

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32
Q

oogamy

A

small motile male gamete, large non-motile female gamete

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33
Q

life cycle

A
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34
Q

eukaryotic algae groups

A

chromophyta, rhodophyta, chlorophyta

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35
Q

chromophyta

A

brown algae

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36
Q

rhodophyta

A

red algae

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37
Q

chlorophyta

A

green algae

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38
Q

Chromophyta are mostly

A

Marine algae, including many seaweeds

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39
Q

Chromophyta contain

A

The pigment fucoxanthin - greenish-brown colour

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40
Q

Chromophyta storage material

A

Laminarin

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41
Q

Chromophyta usage

A

Eaten by Japanese, stabilisers in ice cream, toothpastes

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42
Q

Chromophyta examples

A

Seaweed, kelp

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43
Q

Seaweed, kelp

A

= chaluha
- multicellular, the most complex, developed anatomy of all the algae

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44
Q

Rhodophyta

A
  • mostly multicellular, marine algae, including seaweeds
  • most of the coralline algae
  • traditional part of European and Asian cuisine (vitamins, proteins)
  • used to make other products like agar, food additives
  • can occur down to 200 metres
  • contain the pigment phycoerythrin = reflects red light and absorbs blue light
  • floridean starch - storage material (energy)
  • typically live attached to surfaces rather then floating
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45
Q

Rhodophyta mostly

A

Multicellular, marine algae, including seaweeds

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46
Q

Rhodophyta examples

A

Coralline algae

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47
Q

Rhodophyta usage

A
  • traditional part of European and Asian cuisine (vitamins, proteins)
  • used to make agar and food additives
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48
Q

Food additives

A

Přídavky

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49
Q

Rhodophyta can occur

A

Down to 200 metres

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50
Q

Rhodophyta pigment

A

Phycoerythrin

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51
Q

Phycoerythrin

A

Reflects red light and absorbs blue light

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52
Q

Rhodophyta storage material

A

Floridean starch

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53
Q

Rhodophyta typically live

A

Attached to surfaces rather than floating

54
Q

Chlorophyta

A
  • mostly fresh water, with phylla
  • reserve - starch
  • attached to bottom
  • unicellular and multicellular
  • reproduction - asexual (spores) and sexual (conjunction)
  • fresh and marine water
  • spirogyra and volvox
55
Q

Chlorophyta mostly

A

Freshwater, with phylla

56
Q

Chlorophyta storage material

A

Starch

57
Q

Chlorophyta can be

A

Multicellular and unicellular

58
Q

Chlorophyta are attached

A

To the bottom

59
Q

Chlorophyta reproduction

A

Asexual - spores
Sexual - conjugation

60
Q

Chlorophyta examples

A

Spirogyra, volvox

61
Q

Spirogyra

A

Šroubatka

62
Q

Volvox

A

Válec koulivý

63
Q

fungi is

A

a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms

64
Q

mycology

A

science about fungi

65
Q

fungi

A
  • no pigments
  • no photosynthesis
  • heterotrophic
  • often have symbiotic relationships
  • saprophytic (decompose dead matter)
  • parasitic
  • pathogens
  • mushrooms, yeast, molds
  • used by humans: yeast for fermentation of beer and bread, mushroom farming
66
Q

fungi often have

A

symbiotic relationships with plants

67
Q

fungi are

A

saprophytic, parazitic, pathogenic

68
Q

saprophytic

A

decompose dead matter

69
Q

fungi examples

A

mushrooms, yeasts, molds

70
Q

mold

A

plíseň

71
Q

yeasts

A

kvasinky

72
Q

fungi usage

A

used by humans: yeasts for fermentation of beer and bread, mushroom farming

73
Q

structure of fungi

A
  • made of filamentous tubes called hyphae
  • hyphae contain internal crosswalls called septa = divide the hyphae into separated cells
    -the entire mass of hyphae is called mycelium
  • cell walls are composed of chitin
74
Q

hyphae

A

filamentous tubes

75
Q

septa

A

internal crosswalls of hyphae that divide it into separated cells

76
Q

mycelium

A

the entire mass of hyphae

77
Q

fungi store their food as

A

glycogen (like animals)

78
Q

fungi cell walls are composed of

A

chitin

79
Q

mycorrhiza

A

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant root (fungus grows into the soil and absorbing nutrients for the plant, plant provides the fungus with products of photosynthesis, sugar)

80
Q

fungi structure

A

cap, gill, pores, sporangia, ring, stem, hypha, volva, mycelium

81
Q

sporangia

A

výtrusnice

82
Q

germimation

A

=klíčení
= creation of the 1st root

83
Q

volva

A

pochva

84
Q

mycelium

A

podhoubí

85
Q

reproduction of fungi

A

sexual + asexual

86
Q

sexual and asexual reproduction of fungi

A

by spores that are spread by wind(germinate and produce new mycelium)

87
Q

sexual reproduction of fungi

A

conjugation - fusion of two hyphae

88
Q

asexual reproduction of fungi

A

budding in yeasts - a small cell separates from a larger one

89
Q

fungi life cycle

A
90
Q

myxomycota translation

A

hlenky

91
Q

myxomycota

A
  • acellular slime molds
  • heterotrophic
  • microscopic, a single cell with many nuclei
  • produce a lot of mucus
  • begin as amoeba-like cell that grows into a larger mass
92
Q

chytrids

A

= chytridiomycota
- found in fresh water and land
- can be saprophytic or parasitic
- have zoospores

93
Q

zoospores

A

flagellated spores in chytrids

94
Q

oomycota translation

A

řasovky

95
Q

oomycota

A

= water molds
- unicellular, filamentous
- aggressive plant pathogens: potato blight, grapevine downy mildew

96
Q

fungicides

A

are used to fight diseases

97
Q

potato blight

A

rakovina brambor

98
Q

grapevine downy mildew

A

vřetenatka révová

99
Q

eumycota translation

A

houby pravé

100
Q

eumycota types

A

zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes

101
Q

zygomycetes translatin

A

spájivé houby

102
Q

ascomycetes translation

A

vřeckovýtrusné houby

103
Q

basidiomycetes

A

stopkovýtrusné houby

104
Q

zygomycetes example

A
  • black bread mold
  • mucor mucedo
  • aspergillus
  • penicillium
  • truffle
  • ergot
105
Q

black bread mold

A

kropidlovec černavý

106
Q

mucor mulcedo

A

plíseň hlavičková

107
Q

aspergillus

A

kropidlák
- can be pathogenic, but also important (citric acid, sake)

108
Q

penicillium

A

štětičkovec

109
Q

truffle

A

lanýž

110
Q

ergot

A

paličkovice - parasite of grain and grasses

111
Q

ascomycetes

A
  • vary in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to complicated cup fungi and morels
  • produce spores in sac-like structures - ascus
  • reproduce asexually producing conidia
112
Q

morel

A

smrž

113
Q

conidia

A

asexual, non-motile spore of fungus
e.g. yeasts(budding)

114
Q

Candida

A

fungal infection in humans

115
Q

sac-like structures

A

asci(ascus)

116
Q

basidiomycetes

A

=club fungi
- produce spores in club-like structures - basidia
- mushrooms
- habitat: compost, logs, soil, manure

117
Q

basidia

A

club-like structures

118
Q

manure

A

hnůj

119
Q

edible mushrooms

A
  • agaricus
  • leccium
  • puffball
120
Q

poisonous mushrooms

A
  • death cup
  • destroying angel
121
Q

agaricus

A

žampión

122
Q

leccium

A

kozák

123
Q

puffball

A

pýchavka

124
Q

death cap

A

muchomůrka zelená

125
Q

destroying angel

A

muchomůrka jízlivá
- spasms, death

126
Q

lichens

A

= symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae
- colonies may be 9000 years old
- mountain dwellers, arctic survivors, pioneer plants
- pollution indicators
- colorful dyes for clothes
- packing for ancient Egyptian mummies

127
Q

pioneer plants

A

species that first colonize new habitats created by disturbance

128
Q

lichens formed from

A

1) fungal partner(mycobiont) - provides water and minerals from soil
2) algal partner(phycobiont) - provides sugars
= mutualism

129
Q

thallus

A

main body of a lichen

130
Q

lichens zone

A

temperate or arctic, tropical

131
Q

lichens way of life

A
  • soil, rocks
  • may absorb nutrients from soil, but generally is self-relient (algae-photosynthesis)
132
Q

lichens reproduction

A

through diaspores
2 ways:
1) soredia - special layer for protection
2) isidia - without special layer
difference - conditions

Biology (11 decks)

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