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Medicine - Year 1 > Professionalism > Flashcards

Professionalism Flashcards

1
Q

Define professionalism

A

The idea that doctors have a set of values, behaviours and responsibilities that allow them to be worthy of trust bestowed upon them by the public

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2
Q

What are the three moral theories?

A

Consequentlism
Denontology
Virtue Ethics

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3
Q

What is Consequentlism?

A

The morally right action is the one which achieves the best outcome

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4
Q

What is Denontology?

A

The morally right action accords with moral duties

It may be right even if it leads to worse consequences overall

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5
Q

What is Virtue Ethics?

A

The right action is the one which a virtuous person would perform

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6
Q

What moral theories does the 4 principles approach combine?

The principles are weighed up against each other

A

Denontology and Consequentalism

These principles are weighed up against each other

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7
Q

What does a doctor put first?

A

Patients

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8
Q

Three types of communication

A

Written
Verbal
Non-Verbal

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9
Q

Three criteria for a patient to have autonomy

A

Understanding
Act free from others control
Act with what they value

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10
Q

Why do consequentialists and denontologists believe that autonomy is important

A

Consequentialists: People want to make their own decisions
Denontologists: We respect a moral duty regardless of the consequences

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11
Q

Define best interest

A

An OVERALL benefit

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12
Q

Does the doctor or the patient make the overall decision about what is in the patient’s best interest?

A

Doctors provide a judgement and recommend but the patient decides

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13
Q

Define paternalism

A

When the doctor and patient’s views about best interests differ

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14
Q

When do doctors not have to listen to patient’s about what the patient believes is in their best interest?

A

If the treatment has no overall benefit
If the treatment is not in the best interest
If the treatment will cause serious harm

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15
Q

What are 3 challenges to deciding what is in the patient’s best interest?

A

Unknown benefits/drawbacks
Communication barriers
Conflicts (quality vs years)

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16
Q

Define consent

A

A VOLUNTARY agreement

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17
Q

What is the opposite to implied consent?

A

Expressed consent

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18
Q

How is consent a process?

A

It needs to be asked every time as the patient may change their mind

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19
Q

6 examples of when consent is needed

A

Before examination, treatment or care
Before disclosure of confidential information
Before teaching or research

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20
Q

3 criteria a patient needs in order for the consent given to be valid

A

Informed
Voluntary
Capacity

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21
Q

3 reasons why consent is needed

A

Ethical
Legal
Professional

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22
Q

4 scenarios when consent is not needed (aside from an emergency)

A
  • Mental Health Act (danger to public)
  • Mental Capacity Act (lacks capacity)
  • Public Health and Control of Disease Act (infectious disease that can harm the public)
  • Someone else is in harm
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23
Q

Define confidentiality

A

You must not divulge information about patients to others with out their consent

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24
Q

2 reasons why confidentiality is a legal requirement

A

Human rights

Data protection

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25
Does the patient need to be made aware of information sharing?
Yes
26
What do you need to disclose patient information to the law?
A court order
27
If a patient refuses to consent to disclosure what should the doctor do, even if refusing to disclose puts the patient in serious harm Example 3 exceptions
The doctor should abide by the patient's wishes BUT tell them what they think and give them support and advice Example: Domestic violence Exception: Emergency and not possible to gain consent or someone else is at harm (e.g. a child) or if the patient lacks capacity
28
If the patient is not legally allowed to consent for whatever reason - what should the doctor do?
Keep them informed
29
Define justice
Treating people in a way which is fair and equitable
30
Define distributive justice
Ho to distribute scarce resources in a fair or equitable way
31
What two words are explained by the diagram of the men and the boxes?
Equality and Equity
32
4 objections to a needs-based assessment
``` How do we measure need Whose needs are more important Other considerations (e.g. waiting times) Equal needs but no resources ```
33
4 criteria that a needs-based assessment looks at?
Quality adjusted life years Waiting list times Likelihood of compliance Lifestyle assessment
34
Define rights
Justified claims on others who have the duty to fulfil that right
35
Give 3 examples of rights acts (+dates)
Declaration of Human Rights (1948) European Convention of Human Rights Human Rights Act (1998)
36
What year did the Human Rights Act come to the UK?
2000
37
What are the three classes of rights?
Legal: Vote Moral/natural: Autonomy Human: Combines both and looks at life
38
What is special about autonomy as a right
It is independent of the law but the law informs it
39
What are the three types of rights
Positive, negative and active
40
Define positive rights | Example
Right to have things provided | e.g. healthcare
41
Define negative rights | Example
Refrain from interfering | e.g. no assault
42
Define active rights | Example
Right to do something | e.g. strike
43
4 reasons why rights are important
Happy society Ideal directives Minimum standards Protective boundaries
44
What were the two aims of the Human Rights Act
To bring most of the rights ontained in the ECHR into UK law | To bring about a new culture of respect for human rights in the UK
45
What are the three types of convention rights? | Which ones can the law override
Absolute, Limited and Qualified | The law can override limited and qualified rights
46
Which rights from the Human Rights Act are relevant to healthcare?
Article 2: Right to Life Article 3: Prohibition of torture Article 5: Right to liberty and security Article 8: Right to respect for private and family life Article 9: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Article 12: Right to marry and found a family Article 14: Prohibition of discrimination
47
Which article from the Human Rights Act is an absolute right?
Article 3: Prohibition of torture
48
Which articles from the Human Rights Act is are limited rights?
Article 2: Right to Life | Article 5: Right to liberty and security
49
Which articles from the Human Rights Act is are qualified rights?
Article 8: Right to respect for private and family life Article 9: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Article 12: Right to marry and found a family Article 14: Prohibition of discrimination
50
What is the role of the GMC?
A professional body that protect, promote and maintain the health and safety of the public by ensuring proper standards in medicine Decides WHO can practise through fitness to practise tests
51
Features of professionalism (5)
``` Commitment to the public Knowledgeable Licensing procedure Professional body Standards ```
52
6 things that the GMC provide guidance on
``` Dealing with stress, challenges and uncertainty Ensures patient safety Learning and development Moral and ethical reasoning Prioritising time Teamwork ```
53
What factors are considered by a fitness to practise team?
``` Aggravating factors Behaviour patterns Insight Mitigating factors Remediation Year of study ```
54
8 things that cause big fitness to practise issues
``` Abuse of trust Deliberate harm Dishonesty Disregard for patient safety Incompetence Sexual offences Violate patient rights Violence ```
55
When does stress become a problem?
If it occurs for a long period of time
56
When does occupational stress occur? (2)
If the individuals skills and capabilities do not match the job's demands If the job environment does not match the individuals needs
57
Sources of stress (3 main and 5 sub)
Genetics and personality Individual: Intelligence, age and experience Interpersonal: Personal life and support
58
What are the three layers of cognition?
Automatic thoughts Rules for living Core beliefs
59
What are automatic thoughts?
Appraisals for events
60
What are rules for living?
Personal rules that govern behaviour
61
What are core beliefs?
Formed in childhood and seem unquestionabe
62
Consequences of occupational stress
Poor immune system, cancer and heart disease risk, drugs and alcohol abuse, anxiety, depression, poor sleep patterns, relationship issues
63
What are the two main core beliefs?
I am helpless: Inadequate, failure, not good enough | I am worthless: Unwanted, unlovable, not good enough
64
6 examples of how you can build resilience to stress
``` Acknowledgement Adapting Alternative thoughts Behaviour development Look for positives Management ```
65
Give 3 examples of alternative thoughts
Evidence for why you are feeling this way Another way to look at it Talk to friends
66
Give 5 examples of behaviour development
Hobbies, identity, lifestyle, relaxation and time management

Medicine - Year 1 (20 decks)

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