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Medicine - Year 1 > Professionalism > Flashcards

Professionalism Flashcards

1
Q

Define professionalism

A

The idea that doctors have a set of values, behaviours and responsibilities that allow them to be worthy of trust bestowed upon them by the public

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2
Q

What are the three moral theories?

A

Consequentlism
Denontology
Virtue Ethics

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3
Q

What is Consequentlism?

A

The morally right action is the one which achieves the best outcome

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4
Q

What is Denontology?

A

The morally right action accords with moral duties

It may be right even if it leads to worse consequences overall

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5
Q

What is Virtue Ethics?

A

The right action is the one which a virtuous person would perform

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6
Q

What moral theories does the 4 principles approach combine?

The principles are weighed up against each other

A

Denontology and Consequentalism

These principles are weighed up against each other

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7
Q

What does a doctor put first?

A

Patients

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8
Q

Three types of communication

A

Written
Verbal
Non-Verbal

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9
Q

Three criteria for a patient to have autonomy

A

Understanding
Act free from others control
Act with what they value

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10
Q

Why do consequentialists and denontologists believe that autonomy is important

A

Consequentialists: People want to make their own decisions
Denontologists: We respect a moral duty regardless of the consequences

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11
Q

Define best interest

A

An OVERALL benefit

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12
Q

Does the doctor or the patient make the overall decision about what is in the patient’s best interest?

A

Doctors provide a judgement and recommend but the patient decides

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13
Q

Define paternalism

A

When the doctor and patient’s views about best interests differ

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14
Q

When do doctors not have to listen to patient’s about what the patient believes is in their best interest?

A

If the treatment has no overall benefit
If the treatment is not in the best interest
If the treatment will cause serious harm

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15
Q

What are 3 challenges to deciding what is in the patient’s best interest?

A

Unknown benefits/drawbacks
Communication barriers
Conflicts (quality vs years)

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16
Q

Define consent

A

A VOLUNTARY agreement

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17
Q

What is the opposite to implied consent?

A

Expressed consent

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18
Q

How is consent a process?

A

It needs to be asked every time as the patient may change their mind

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19
Q

6 examples of when consent is needed

A

Before examination, treatment or care
Before disclosure of confidential information
Before teaching or research

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20
Q

3 criteria a patient needs in order for the consent given to be valid

A

Informed
Voluntary
Capacity

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21
Q

3 reasons why consent is needed

A

Ethical
Legal
Professional

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22
Q

4 scenarios when consent is not needed (aside from an emergency)

A
  • Mental Health Act (danger to public)
  • Mental Capacity Act (lacks capacity)
  • Public Health and Control of Disease Act (infectious disease that can harm the public)
  • Someone else is in harm
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23
Q

Define confidentiality

A

You must not divulge information about patients to others with out their consent

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24
Q

2 reasons why confidentiality is a legal requirement

A

Human rights

Data protection

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25
Q

Does the patient need to be made aware of information sharing?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What do you need to disclose patient information to the law?

A

A court order

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27
Q

If a patient refuses to consent to disclosure what should the doctor do, even if refusing to disclose puts the patient in serious harm
Example
3 exceptions

A

The doctor should abide by the patient’s wishes BUT tell them what they think and give them support and advice
Example: Domestic violence
Exception: Emergency and not possible to gain consent or someone else is at harm (e.g. a child) or if the patient lacks capacity

28
Q

If the patient is not legally allowed to consent for whatever reason - what should the doctor do?

A

Keep them informed

29
Q

Define justice

A

Treating people in a way which is fair and equitable

30
Q

Define distributive justice

A

Ho to distribute scarce resources in a fair or equitable way

31
Q

What two words are explained by the diagram of the men and the boxes?

A

Equality and Equity

32
Q

4 objections to a needs-based assessment

A 
How do we measure need
Whose needs are more important
Other considerations (e.g. waiting times)
Equal needs but no resources
33
Q

4 criteria that a needs-based assessment looks at?

A

Quality adjusted life years
Waiting list times
Likelihood of compliance
Lifestyle assessment

34
Q

Define rights

A

Justified claims on others who have the duty to fulfil that right

35
Q

Give 3 examples of rights acts (+dates)

A

Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
European Convention of Human Rights
Human Rights Act (1998)

36
Q

What year did the Human Rights Act come to the UK?

A

2000

37
Q

What are the three classes of rights?

A

Legal: Vote
Moral/natural: Autonomy
Human: Combines both and looks at life

38
Q

What is special about autonomy as a right

A

It is independent of the law but the law informs it

39
Q

What are the three types of rights

A

Positive, negative and active

40
Q

Define positive rights

Example

A

Right to have things provided

e.g. healthcare

41
Q

Define negative rights

Example

A

Refrain from interfering

e.g. no assault

42
Q

Define active rights

Example

A

Right to do something

e.g. strike

43
Q

4 reasons why rights are important

A

Happy society
Ideal directives
Minimum standards
Protective boundaries

44
Q

What were the two aims of the Human Rights Act

A

To bring most of the rights ontained in the ECHR into UK law

To bring about a new culture of respect for human rights in the UK

45
Q

What are the three types of convention rights?

Which ones can the law override

A

Absolute, Limited and Qualified

The law can override limited and qualified rights

46
Q

Which rights from the Human Rights Act are relevant to healthcare?

A

Article 2: Right to Life
Article 3: Prohibition of torture
Article 5: Right to liberty and security
Article 8: Right to respect for private and family life
Article 9: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Article 12: Right to marry and found a family
Article 14: Prohibition of discrimination

47
Q

Which article from the Human Rights Act is an absolute right?

A

Article 3: Prohibition of torture

48
Q

Which articles from the Human Rights Act is are limited rights?

A

Article 2: Right to Life

Article 5: Right to liberty and security

49
Q

Which articles from the Human Rights Act is are qualified rights?

A

Article 8: Right to respect for private and family life
Article 9: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Article 12: Right to marry and found a family
Article 14: Prohibition of discrimination

50
Q

What is the role of the GMC?

A

A professional body that protect, promote and maintain the health and safety of the public by ensuring proper standards in medicine
Decides WHO can practise through fitness to practise tests

51
Q

Features of professionalism (5)

A 
Commitment to the public
Knowledgeable
Licensing procedure
Professional body 
Standards
52
Q

6 things that the GMC provide guidance on

A 
Dealing with stress, challenges and uncertainty
Ensures patient safety 
Learning and development
Moral and ethical reasoning
Prioritising time
Teamwork
53
Q

What factors are considered by a fitness to practise team?

A 
Aggravating factors
Behaviour patterns
Insight
Mitigating factors
Remediation
Year of study
54
Q

8 things that cause big fitness to practise issues

A 
Abuse of trust
Deliberate harm
Dishonesty
Disregard for patient safety
Incompetence
Sexual offences
Violate patient rights
Violence
55
Q

When does stress become a problem?

A

If it occurs for a long period of time

56
Q

When does occupational stress occur? (2)

A

If the individuals skills and capabilities do not match the job’s demands
If the job environment does not match the individuals needs

57
Q

Sources of stress (3 main and 5 sub)

A

Genetics and personality
Individual: Intelligence, age and experience
Interpersonal: Personal life and support

58
Q

What are the three layers of cognition?

A

Automatic thoughts
Rules for living
Core beliefs

59
Q

What are automatic thoughts?

A

Appraisals for events

60
Q

What are rules for living?

A

Personal rules that govern behaviour

61
Q

What are core beliefs?

A

Formed in childhood and seem unquestionabe

62
Q

Consequences of occupational stress

A

Poor immune system, cancer and heart disease risk, drugs and alcohol abuse, anxiety, depression, poor sleep patterns, relationship issues

63
Q

What are the two main core beliefs?

A

I am helpless: Inadequate, failure, not good enough

I am worthless: Unwanted, unlovable, not good enough

64
Q

6 examples of how you can build resilience to stress

A 
Acknowledgement 
Adapting
Alternative thoughts
Behaviour development
Look for positives
Management
65
Q

Give 3 examples of alternative thoughts

A

Evidence for why you are feeling this way
Another way to look at it
Talk to friends

66
Q

Give 5 examples of behaviour development

A

Hobbies, identity, lifestyle, relaxation and time management

Medicine - Year 1 (20 decks)

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