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Medicine - Year 1 > Health and Society (Block 6) > Flashcards

Health and Society (Block 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Define health psychology

A

Psychological influences on health, illness and response to illness

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2
Q

Define health behaviour
What are the 3 categories of behaviour?
What is it affected by?
What does it cause?

A

Activities which maintain and improve health
Healthy, illness, sick role
Affected by disease and disability
Causes lifestyle change

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3
Q

Another word for health impairing and health protective behaviour

A

Impairing: pathogens
Protective: immunogens

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4
Q

What are the 3 theories of health belief?

A

Locus of control
Self-efficacy
Leventhal’s model of illness representation

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5
Q

What is the difference between behavioural and cognitive control?

A

Behavioural control: Internal belief to do something

Cognitive control: Thoughts and strategies to change negative thoughts to positive ones

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6
Q

Define self-efficacy

How will you succeed?

A

Beliefs in the capacity to exercise control over functioning and environmental effects
Succeed if you have outcome and self-efficacy expectancy

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7
Q

Define outcome expectancy

A

The belief that a positive behaviour will cause a positive outcome

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8
Q

Define self-efficacy expectancy

A

The ability to perform the behaviour properly

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9
Q

What is the role of a healthcare practitioner?

A

To promote self-efficacy and change in a patient for the good

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10
Q

What does Leventhal’s model of illness representation state?

What are the 5 stages?

A

That previous expectations and beliefs cause incorrect representations
Identify, cause, consequence, timeline, control

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11
Q

What are the 3 theories of health behaviour predictors?

A

Health belief model
Theory of planned behaviour
Trans-theoretical model/stages of change

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12
Q

What are the three stages of the health belief model?

A

Personal circumstances
Perceived threat of benefits
Likelihood of preventative/ behaviour change (are changes easy and effective)

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13
Q

What does the theory of planned behaviour state?

A

Patient’s look at attitudes, social norms and perception of the behavioural control before they intend to change
There is the a gap between intention and engagement in the new behaviour

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14
Q

What are the 6 stages of change?

A

Pre-contemplative - Contemplative - Determinism - Active change - Maintenance - Relapse

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15
Q

What 5 things is the stages of change model based upon?

A

Cognition, decisional balance, influence, self-efficacy and temptation

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16
Q

Define medically unexplained symptoms

A

Physical symptoms which are not caused by disease

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17
Q

What are medically unexplained symptoms linked to?

2 examples

A

Psychological factors e.g. stress/mental conditions

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18
Q

Define illness behaviour

A

How symptoms are perceived

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19
Q

Define illness affirmation

A

Inappropriate behaviours for that illness

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20
Q

What are somatoform disorders?

A

Chronic psychiatric disorders e.g. MUS that cause severe disability

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21
Q

4 examples of dissociative/conversion disorders

A

Functional weakness, sensory loss, non-epileptic attack disorder, dysphagia

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22
Q

What were dissociative/conversion disorders previously known as?

A

Hysteria

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23
Q

How are MUS caused?

A

Minor pathology and stress –> Misinterpretation (by illness beliefs, childhood factors, mental illness and cognitive processes) –> Functional symptoms (by maintaining factors)

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24
Q

5 main reasons for MUS

A 
Physical expression of distress/distress to reduce internal conflict/mental illness
Familial transmission
Attachment issues
Over-interpretation 
Childhood factors
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25
Define familial transmission
When families don't express emotion
26
2 ways in which childhood factors can cause MUS
Trauma | Sensitisation of pain pathways
27
How can anxiety and panic cause MUS?
Anxiety: Muscle tension Panic: Respiratory problems
28
2 ways of managing MUS | Examples (2,4)
``` Symptom relief (painkillers/acupuncture) Mental treatment (psychologists, anxiety treatment, promote self-efficacy, help the patient cope) ```
29
Define addiction
Continued repetition of a behaviour despite adverse consequences
30
Define ambivalence
Two conflicting ideas/beliefs
31
What are the 5 features of dependence?
Salience (drug is the most important thing) Increased tolerance Withdrawal symptoms which are relieved by further use Compulsion to use the substance (OCD) Easy to become re-addicted
32
5 characteristics of addictive substances
Pleasure, rapid onset, short duration, tolerance and withdrawal
33
What is the dependence model?
A square graph with Dependence on the y axis and problems on the x
34
3 things which maintain addiction
Personality Social factors Altered homeostasis due to withdrawal
35
Where is dopamine released from during addiction and where does it go?
Ventral tegementum releases dopamine To nucleus accumbens Causes a pleasure effect in the mesolimbic pathway
36
What was the experiment with Skinner's Box? | What did it show?
The rat presses a leaver to get food | Positive reinforcement
37
How did Skinner show negative reinforcement?
Rat presses the lever to turn off an electric shock
38
How does addiction become a habit?
Changes occur in the prefrontal cortex
39
3 characteristics of end stage addiction
Overwhelming desire to take the drug Decreased ability to control drug seeking Decreased pleasure from biological rewards
40
What is the evidence that dopamine is involved in addiction?
If electrodes are placed on the nucleus accumbens in rats brains then you get the same effect as addicted rats
41
What is the difference between neurotic and psychotic conditions?
Neurotic: Normal emotions Psychotic: Abnormal emotions
42
2 examples of clinical depression
Phobia and anxiety
43
Define psychosis | Give 2 examples
Symptoms/experiences that cause patients to not experience reality like most people E.g. bipolar and schizophrenia
44
What age is mental health problems more common in?
Younger people
45
Define descriptive statistics
Data collected and described by the mean/SD
46
Define inferential statistics
Statistics and confidence intervals used to make generalisations about a population Conclusions are drsawn about the population from the sample
47
Define p value
Probability that we say there is a difference when no difference exists
48
Define sampling error
Different samples in the same population give different results
49
Define standard error
Describes how good the estimate is and comes from the sampling distribution Used when talking about an estimate found from a sample
50
Define standard deviation
How good the sampling statistic is as an estimate of the population Used when talking about distributions
51
Define confidence limit
Values that state the boundaries of the confidence interval
52
Define confidence interval
How accurate the estimate is about to be | Expresses the range which we think the population lies in
53
What 2 things does the interval size depend upon?
The population variation and size of sample | decreased variation and increased size decreases interval
54
How do 95% confidence intervals relate to interval estimates?
95% confident that the true value lies within these interval limits
55
What is there an increased risk of after the loss of a loved one? (Especially in women)
Increased suicide risk
56
Define anhedonia
Loss of pleasure
57
What are the 4 categories of reactions to loss
Affective (mood) Cognitive Behavioural Physiological-somatic
58
4 cognitive reactions to loss
Preoccupation, decreased self-esteem, memory loss, sense the dead
59
5 behavioural reactions to loss
Agitation, fatigue, restless, crying, withdrawal
60
4 physiological-somatic reactions to loss
Appetite change, difficulty sleeping, exhaustion, complaints which are similar to the deceased
61
2 neurological changes to the brain during grief
Physical pain paths increase in activity | The area concerned with yearning (nucleus accumbens) is stimulated
62
What are the 4 stages of grief? | How long can the first 2 stages last for?
1. Numbing (hrs to weeks) 2. Yearning and searching (months to yrs) 3. Disorganisation and despair 4. Organisation
63
What are the 7 needs of a grieving child
``` Cared for Clear information Involvement Listening Not their fault Questions answered Routine ```
64
What are the 4 models of grief?
Adaptation/relearning models Meaning-making models Balance/oscillation models Continuing bond theory
65
Explain adaptation/relearning models
Assumptive world theory: | You live in a world and adapt it when something goes wrong to move forward
66
Explain meaning-making models
Scheme formation: | Mental constructs which make sense of the world (and the loss) in order to move forward
67
Explain balance/oscillation models
States that everyone grieves differently
68
Explain continuing bond theory
Form a connection with the person who you have lost and take them into your future
69
5 things which can cause complicated grief?
``` Painful symptoms (e.g. memories, thoughts and dreams) Unfinished business Guilt Remorse Financial difficulties ```
70
5 things which can cause complicated grief?
``` Painful symptoms (e.g. memories, thoughts and dreams) Unfinished business Guilt Remorse Financial difficulties ```
71
Define stigma
- A physical/behavioural attribute that is negatively valued and causes a person to be regarded as inferior - Social processes that can lead to the person becoming a social outcast
72
What is the response of others determined by (in regards to stigma)
The response of others is determined by the context of the situation and the visibility/type of situation
73
What are the 5 stages of stigma?
1. Labelling 2. Stereotyping 3. Othering 4. Stigmatisation 5. Discrimination
74
Identify a positive impact of stereotyping
Promote change
75
What happens during the social process of labelling?
A social process which occurs every day but soon becomes normalised and people don't realise what they're doing
76
What happens during the social process of stereotyping?
Differences between people are linked to characteristics | +/- cultural images are created which put people into groups
77
What happens during the social process of othering? | How do people loose their identity?
Putting people into groups which they see to be different from themselves People often loose their identity and are seen as their group
78
What happens during the social process of stigmatisation?
People are devalued based upon the different/undesirable characteristic/behaviour
79
What happens during the social process of discrimination?
Acting differently towards people based on a characteristic/behaviour
80
Can discrimination ever be legal?
Yes (e.g. illegal for same sex marriage)
81
Why do certain behaviours seem different?
We have learnt what a 'normal' behaviour is
82
Why is it good to show stigmatisation as a behaviour?
It moves it away from the individual
83
What are the 5 types of stigmatisation?
Discreditable, discrediting, felt, enacted and courtesy
84
Define discreditable stigmatisation | Example
Keep stigmatising conditions invisible | e.g. HIV
85
Define discrediting stigmatisation | Example
When the condition cannot be hidden | e.g. Facial deformity
86
Define felt stigmatisation | What 2 things does it cause?
People know that they can be stigmatised causing fear and shame
87
Define enacted stigmatisation | Example
When people act upon the stigma | e.g. removing someone from a bus
88
Define courtesy stigmatisation | Example
Stigma is felt by someone who is with the person | e.g. parent of an autistic child
89
What can stigma cause in some countries?
Lack of healthcare
90
What are the three main categories of the impact of stigma?
Internalising, spoiled identity and non-disclosing
91
What happens when someone who is stigmatised carries out 'internalisation'
They absorb the social views which impacts themselvevs
92
What happens when someone who is stigmatised has a 'spoiled identity'
Scared to disclose stigma due to a fear of a spoiled identity and a 'label'
93
What are the 4 types of non-disclosing coping to stigmatisation
Passing: Pretending you're normal even if you know the stigma is there Covering: Hiding the situation (e.g. make up) Withdrawal from social life: Bad Resisting: Not accepting the label causing strain
94
Define panopticism
Behave your best in case someone is watching
95
What has perspectives to madness changed?
Changed into medical and social as medicine has
96
Define biological
Sex and race
97
Define social
Gender and ethnicity
98
Define ethnicity
Shared origins, social backgrounds, culture and traditions maintained between generations Gives a sense of identity
99
How is ethnicity measured?
By self-identification in censuses
100
5 mental health risks of being LGBT
Increased suicide risk, substance abuse, depression, anxiety and cancer
101
Where do women have increased psychiatric disorders?
In prison
102
Which gender has an increased risk of psychosis and which has an increased of neurosis?
Psychosis: Increased in men Neurosis: Increased in women
103
History of women's mental health
Said to suffer with nerves and hysteria
104
Reasons for cultural differences in mental health
Stigma Health seeking behaviour 'Religious test' Support differs
105
7 social causes of poor mental health in children
Abuse, bullying, ethnic minority, inequality, migration, poverty, and urban environments
106
3 social causes of poor mental health in adults
Debt, work, unhappy marriage
107
What are the 4 stages of the minority stress model?
1. Exposure to external stress 2. Exposure to internal stress as a byproduct 3. Adverse health issues 4. Focus on race/ sex/ environment/ prejudice/ discrimination
108
Why is the minority stress model criticised
It varies between minorities
109
How are attitudes and practise for mental health changing?
Recognisance of diversity and societies involvement | Support the families as well as the patient

Medicine - Year 1 (20 decks)

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