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Medicine - Year 1 > Health and Society (Block 6) > Flashcards

Health and Society (Block 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Define health psychology

A

Psychological influences on health, illness and response to illness

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2
Q

Define health behaviour
What are the 3 categories of behaviour?
What is it affected by?
What does it cause?

A

Activities which maintain and improve health
Healthy, illness, sick role
Affected by disease and disability
Causes lifestyle change

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3
Q

Another word for health impairing and health protective behaviour

A

Impairing: pathogens
Protective: immunogens

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4
Q

What are the 3 theories of health belief?

A

Locus of control
Self-efficacy
Leventhal’s model of illness representation

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5
Q

What is the difference between behavioural and cognitive control?

A

Behavioural control: Internal belief to do something

Cognitive control: Thoughts and strategies to change negative thoughts to positive ones

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6
Q

Define self-efficacy

How will you succeed?

A

Beliefs in the capacity to exercise control over functioning and environmental effects
Succeed if you have outcome and self-efficacy expectancy

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7
Q

Define outcome expectancy

A

The belief that a positive behaviour will cause a positive outcome

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8
Q

Define self-efficacy expectancy

A

The ability to perform the behaviour properly

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9
Q

What is the role of a healthcare practitioner?

A

To promote self-efficacy and change in a patient for the good

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10
Q

What does Leventhal’s model of illness representation state?

What are the 5 stages?

A

That previous expectations and beliefs cause incorrect representations
Identify, cause, consequence, timeline, control

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11
Q

What are the 3 theories of health behaviour predictors?

A

Health belief model
Theory of planned behaviour
Trans-theoretical model/stages of change

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12
Q

What are the three stages of the health belief model?

A

Personal circumstances
Perceived threat of benefits
Likelihood of preventative/ behaviour change (are changes easy and effective)

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13
Q

What does the theory of planned behaviour state?

A

Patient’s look at attitudes, social norms and perception of the behavioural control before they intend to change
There is the a gap between intention and engagement in the new behaviour

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14
Q

What are the 6 stages of change?

A

Pre-contemplative - Contemplative - Determinism - Active change - Maintenance - Relapse

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15
Q

What 5 things is the stages of change model based upon?

A

Cognition, decisional balance, influence, self-efficacy and temptation

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16
Q

Define medically unexplained symptoms

A

Physical symptoms which are not caused by disease

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17
Q

What are medically unexplained symptoms linked to?

2 examples

A

Psychological factors e.g. stress/mental conditions

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18
Q

Define illness behaviour

A

How symptoms are perceived

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19
Q

Define illness affirmation

A

Inappropriate behaviours for that illness

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20
Q

What are somatoform disorders?

A

Chronic psychiatric disorders e.g. MUS that cause severe disability

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21
Q

4 examples of dissociative/conversion disorders

A

Functional weakness, sensory loss, non-epileptic attack disorder, dysphagia

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22
Q

What were dissociative/conversion disorders previously known as?

A

Hysteria

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23
Q

How are MUS caused?

A

Minor pathology and stress –> Misinterpretation (by illness beliefs, childhood factors, mental illness and cognitive processes) –> Functional symptoms (by maintaining factors)

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24
Q

5 main reasons for MUS

A 
Physical expression of distress/distress to reduce internal conflict/mental illness
Familial transmission
Attachment issues
Over-interpretation 
Childhood factors
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25
Q

Define familial transmission

A

When families don’t express emotion

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26
Q

2 ways in which childhood factors can cause MUS

A

Trauma

Sensitisation of pain pathways

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27
Q

How can anxiety and panic cause MUS?

A

Anxiety: Muscle tension
Panic: Respiratory problems

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28
Q

2 ways of managing MUS

Examples (2,4)

A 
Symptom relief (painkillers/acupuncture)
Mental treatment (psychologists, anxiety treatment, promote self-efficacy, help the patient cope)
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29
Q

Define addiction

A

Continued repetition of a behaviour despite adverse consequences

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30
Q

Define ambivalence

A

Two conflicting ideas/beliefs

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31
Q

What are the 5 features of dependence?

A

Salience (drug is the most important thing)
Increased tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms which are relieved by further use
Compulsion to use the substance (OCD)
Easy to become re-addicted

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32
Q

5 characteristics of addictive substances

A

Pleasure, rapid onset, short duration, tolerance and withdrawal

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33
Q

What is the dependence model?

A

A square graph with Dependence on the y axis and problems on the x

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34
Q

3 things which maintain addiction

A

Personality
Social factors
Altered homeostasis due to withdrawal

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35
Q

Where is dopamine released from during addiction and where does it go?

A

Ventral tegementum releases dopamine
To nucleus accumbens
Causes a pleasure effect in the mesolimbic pathway

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36
Q

What was the experiment with Skinner’s Box?

What did it show?

A

The rat presses a leaver to get food

Positive reinforcement

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37
Q

How did Skinner show negative reinforcement?

A

Rat presses the lever to turn off an electric shock

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38
Q

How does addiction become a habit?

A

Changes occur in the prefrontal cortex

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39
Q

3 characteristics of end stage addiction

A

Overwhelming desire to take the drug
Decreased ability to control drug seeking
Decreased pleasure from biological rewards

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40
Q

What is the evidence that dopamine is involved in addiction?

A

If electrodes are placed on the nucleus accumbens in rats brains then you get the same effect as addicted rats

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41
Q

What is the difference between neurotic and psychotic conditions?

A

Neurotic: Normal emotions
Psychotic: Abnormal emotions

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42
Q

2 examples of clinical depression

A

Phobia and anxiety

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43
Q

Define psychosis

Give 2 examples

A

Symptoms/experiences that cause patients to not experience reality like most people
E.g. bipolar and schizophrenia

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44
Q

What age is mental health problems more common in?

A

Younger people

45
Q

Define descriptive statistics

A

Data collected and described by the mean/SD

46
Q

Define inferential statistics

A

Statistics and confidence intervals used to make generalisations about a population
Conclusions are drsawn about the population from the sample

47
Q

Define p value

A

Probability that we say there is a difference when no difference exists

48
Q

Define sampling error

A

Different samples in the same population give different results

49
Q

Define standard error

A

Describes how good the estimate is and comes from the sampling distribution
Used when talking about an estimate found from a sample

50
Q

Define standard deviation

A

How good the sampling statistic is as an estimate of the population
Used when talking about distributions

51
Q

Define confidence limit

A

Values that state the boundaries of the confidence interval

52
Q

Define confidence interval

A

How accurate the estimate is about to be

Expresses the range which we think the population lies in

53
Q

What 2 things does the interval size depend upon?

A

The population variation and size of sample

decreased variation and increased size decreases interval

54
Q

How do 95% confidence intervals relate to interval estimates?

A

95% confident that the true value lies within these interval limits

55
Q

What is there an increased risk of after the loss of a loved one? (Especially in women)

A

Increased suicide risk

56
Q

Define anhedonia

A

Loss of pleasure

57
Q

What are the 4 categories of reactions to loss

A

Affective (mood)
Cognitive
Behavioural
Physiological-somatic

58
Q

4 cognitive reactions to loss

A

Preoccupation, decreased self-esteem, memory loss, sense the dead

59
Q

5 behavioural reactions to loss

A

Agitation, fatigue, restless, crying, withdrawal

60
Q

4 physiological-somatic reactions to loss

A

Appetite change, difficulty sleeping, exhaustion, complaints which are similar to the deceased

61
Q

2 neurological changes to the brain during grief

A

Physical pain paths increase in activity

The area concerned with yearning (nucleus accumbens) is stimulated

62
Q

What are the 4 stages of grief?

How long can the first 2 stages last for?

A
  1. Numbing (hrs to weeks)
  2. Yearning and searching (months to yrs)
  3. Disorganisation and despair
  4. Organisation
63
Q

What are the 7 needs of a grieving child

A 
Cared for
Clear information
Involvement
Listening
Not their fault
Questions answered
Routine
64
Q

What are the 4 models of grief?

A

Adaptation/relearning models
Meaning-making models
Balance/oscillation models
Continuing bond theory

65
Q

Explain adaptation/relearning models

A

Assumptive world theory:

You live in a world and adapt it when something goes wrong to move forward

66
Q

Explain meaning-making models

A

Scheme formation:

Mental constructs which make sense of the world (and the loss) in order to move forward

67
Q

Explain balance/oscillation models

A

States that everyone grieves differently

68
Q

Explain continuing bond theory

A

Form a connection with the person who you have lost and take them into your future

69
Q

5 things which can cause complicated grief?

A 
Painful symptoms (e.g. memories, thoughts and dreams)
Unfinished business
Guilt
Remorse
Financial difficulties
70
Q

5 things which can cause complicated grief?

A 
Painful symptoms (e.g. memories, thoughts and dreams)
Unfinished business
Guilt
Remorse
Financial difficulties
71
Q

Define stigma

A
  • A physical/behavioural attribute that is negatively valued and causes a person to be regarded as inferior
  • Social processes that can lead to the person becoming a social outcast
72
Q

What is the response of others determined by (in regards to stigma)

A

The response of others is determined by the context of the situation and the visibility/type of situation

73
Q

What are the 5 stages of stigma?

A
  1. Labelling
  2. Stereotyping
  3. Othering
  4. Stigmatisation
  5. Discrimination
74
Q

Identify a positive impact of stereotyping

A

Promote change

75
Q

What happens during the social process of labelling?

A

A social process which occurs every day but soon becomes normalised and people don’t realise what they’re doing

76
Q

What happens during the social process of stereotyping?

A

Differences between people are linked to characteristics

+/- cultural images are created which put people into groups

77
Q

What happens during the social process of othering?

How do people loose their identity?

A

Putting people into groups which they see to be different from themselves
People often loose their identity and are seen as their group

78
Q

What happens during the social process of stigmatisation?

A

People are devalued based upon the different/undesirable characteristic/behaviour

79
Q

What happens during the social process of discrimination?

A

Acting differently towards people based on a characteristic/behaviour

80
Q

Can discrimination ever be legal?

A

Yes (e.g. illegal for same sex marriage)

81
Q

Why do certain behaviours seem different?

A

We have learnt what a ‘normal’ behaviour is

82
Q

Why is it good to show stigmatisation as a behaviour?

A

It moves it away from the individual

83
Q

What are the 5 types of stigmatisation?

A

Discreditable, discrediting, felt, enacted and courtesy

84
Q

Define discreditable stigmatisation

Example

A

Keep stigmatising conditions invisible

e.g. HIV

85
Q

Define discrediting stigmatisation

Example

A

When the condition cannot be hidden

e.g. Facial deformity

86
Q

Define felt stigmatisation

What 2 things does it cause?

A

People know that they can be stigmatised causing fear and shame

87
Q

Define enacted stigmatisation

Example

A

When people act upon the stigma

e.g. removing someone from a bus

88
Q

Define courtesy stigmatisation

Example

A

Stigma is felt by someone who is with the person

e.g. parent of an autistic child

89
Q

What can stigma cause in some countries?

A

Lack of healthcare

90
Q

What are the three main categories of the impact of stigma?

A

Internalising, spoiled identity and non-disclosing

91
Q

What happens when someone who is stigmatised carries out ‘internalisation’

A

They absorb the social views which impacts themselvevs

92
Q

What happens when someone who is stigmatised has a ‘spoiled identity’

A

Scared to disclose stigma due to a fear of a spoiled identity and a ‘label’

93
Q

What are the 4 types of non-disclosing coping to stigmatisation

A

Passing: Pretending you’re normal even if you know the stigma is there
Covering: Hiding the situation (e.g. make up)
Withdrawal from social life: Bad
Resisting: Not accepting the label causing strain

94
Q

Define panopticism

A

Behave your best in case someone is watching

95
Q

What has perspectives to madness changed?

A

Changed into medical and social as medicine has

96
Q

Define biological

A

Sex and race

97
Q

Define social

A

Gender and ethnicity

98
Q

Define ethnicity

A

Shared origins, social backgrounds, culture and traditions maintained between generations
Gives a sense of identity

99
Q

How is ethnicity measured?

A

By self-identification in censuses

100
Q

5 mental health risks of being LGBT

A

Increased suicide risk, substance abuse, depression, anxiety and cancer

101
Q

Where do women have increased psychiatric disorders?

A

In prison

102
Q

Which gender has an increased risk of psychosis and which has an increased of neurosis?

A

Psychosis: Increased in men
Neurosis: Increased in women

103
Q

History of women’s mental health

A

Said to suffer with nerves and hysteria

104
Q

Reasons for cultural differences in mental health

A

Stigma
Health seeking behaviour
‘Religious test’
Support differs

105
Q

7 social causes of poor mental health in children

A

Abuse, bullying, ethnic minority, inequality, migration, poverty, and urban environments

106
Q

3 social causes of poor mental health in adults

A

Debt, work, unhappy marriage

107
Q

What are the 4 stages of the minority stress model?

A
  1. Exposure to external stress
  2. Exposure to internal stress as a byproduct
  3. Adverse health issues
  4. Focus on race/ sex/ environment/ prejudice/ discrimination
108
Q

Why is the minority stress model criticised

A

It varies between minorities

109
Q

How are attitudes and practise for mental health changing?

A

Recognisance of diversity and societies involvement

Support the families as well as the patient

Medicine - Year 1 (20 decks)

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