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Medicine - Year 1 > Health and Society (Block 4-5) > Flashcards

Health and Society (Block 4-5) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical term for genetic anaemia?

A

Haemoglobinopathy

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2
Q

What happens in thalassaemia?

A

A reduction in the quantity of the alpha and beta globulin chains

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3
Q

What actually happens in the sickled cells?

A

Valine replaces glutamic acid

Decreased solubility forms crystals

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4
Q

What type of anaemia does sickle cell lead to?

A

Haemolytic anaemia

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5
Q

What disease increases the risk of infections?

A

Sickle cell disease

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6
Q

Two ethnicities which have a genetic predisposition for anaemia

A

African

Mediterranean

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7
Q

What does treatment response vary between?

A

Different ethnicities

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8
Q

Define ethnocentricity

Is this true for most medical conditions?

A

Only occurs in one minority

Not true for most medical conditions

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9
Q

How can genetic tests cause stigmitisation?

A

You are only testing minorities

Perception that the minority brings the disease

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10
Q

What does descriptive data ask?
4 characteristics
2 examples

A

WHAT is it like?
Accurate, representative, no control, specific time
Survey, case report/ case series

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11
Q

What does analytic data ask?
2 characteristics
2 examples

A

WHY is it like this?
Control and spans across time
Experimental trials or observational case/control studies

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12
Q

What are the 2 definitions of bias?

A
  • A SYSTEMATIC ERROR in measurement
  • Systematic distortion of the estimated intervention effect away from the ‘truth’ due to inadequacies in the design, conduct and analysis of the trial
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13
Q

2 examples of research synthesis

A

Systematic review

Meta analysis

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14
Q

Define risk

A

The probability that an event will occur over a specific time
A QUANTIFIED UNCERTAINTY

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15
Q

3 ways of quantifying risk

A

Natural frequency
Probability
Percentage

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16
Q

What is natural frequency?

A

e.g. 1 in 1000

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17
Q

Define odds

A

The ratio of the probability that it will to the probability that is won’t

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18
Q

What are risk and odds similar to?

Why?

A

Mean and median

They can have the same or different values

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19
Q

How do you calculate risk?

A

The number who get the thing / The number in the group

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20
Q

Define risk difference

What does it look at?

A

The absolute difference in risk between two groups

Looks at the IMPACT

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21
Q

Define risk ratio

A

Strength of the relationship

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22
Q

How do you calculate risk difference?

What will the value be if the risk between the two groups is the same, higher or lower?

A

Risk with - Risk without
Same = zero
Higher = +
Lower = -

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23
Q

How do you calculate risk ratio?

What will the value be if the risk between the two groups is the same, higher or lower?

A

Risk with / Risk without
Same = 1
Higher = more than 1
Lower = less than 1

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24
Q

How do you calculate odds ratio?

What will the value be if the risk between the two groups is the same, higher or lower?

A

Odds with / Odds without
Same = 1
Higher = more than 1
Lower = less than 1

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25
Q

2 examples of relative measures of risk

A

Risk and odds ratio

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26
Q

3 examples of absolute measures of risk

A

Risk, odd and risk difference

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27
Q

What is the difference between relative and absolute measures of risk?

A 
Relative = relative to something
Absolute = no reference to any other group
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28
Q

5 scenarios when people are more likely to accept risks

A

If the risks are controllable, fair, familiar, non-catastrophic and voluntary

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29
Q

How can you help explain risks?

A

Visual prompts

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30
Q

What are the 5 categories of ADL?

A

Domestic, locomotion, leisure, personal and work

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31
Q

What are the 3 stages of recovery to regain ADL?

A

Assessment, measurement, monitoring

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32
Q

What is the main reason for bed blockers?

A

People have poor ADL

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33
Q

How do you assess the muscle with a muscoloskeletal issue compared to a neurological issue?

A

Musculoskeletal: Strength
Neurological: Tone

34
Q

Define ‘Disability’

A

Restriction/ lack of ability to perform an activity in the normal range of a human due to environmental, physical or social barriers
A consequence of an impairment and dependent upon the individual

35
Q

Define ‘Impairment’

A

Temporary/permanent loss/abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function in an individual

36
Q

Define ‘Handicap’

A

Disadvantage to an individual based on impairment/disability that prevents normal fulfilment of a role

37
Q

3 roles of an occupational therapist

A

Assessment, goal setting, quality of life improvement

38
Q

5 stages of an occupational therapists examination

A

Observetion, reports, questions, examination and tests

39
Q

What 5 things can physiotherapists and occupational therapists do for?

A

Self-management

Improved quality of life, function, independence and confidence

40
Q

What is pain and what is it not?

A

Pain is a symptom, not a diagnosis

41
Q

What are the 4 levels of outcome measurement?

A

Individual patient, service level, MDT level, organisational level

42
Q

How is the patient treated with the traditional medical model?

A

Pain relief

43
Q

How is the patient treated with the bio-psycho-social model?

A

Patient is involved in their recovery

They must have a positive attitude and motivation to increase their abilities

44
Q

What movement caused embarrassment for disabled people?

A

Eugenics

45
Q

What did the disability society state in the 1900’s?

A

That disabled people needed care and couldn’t do things

46
Q

When was the medical model of disability challenged?

A

1960’s

47
Q

What did the medical model of disability state?

A

Focus on what was wrong with the patient and what they couldn’t do –> exclusion from society

48
Q

2 critiques of the medical model of disability

A

Blames the disability on the patient

Does not look at social factors

49
Q

3 critiques of the social model of disability

A

Idea of an ‘idyllic society’
Natural environment
Focus on common disabilities, not complex ones

50
Q

What is the ICFDH?

A

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

51
Q

What is the WHO’s new definition for disability?

What are the three determinants

A 
Focuses on society and removes handicap
3 determinants are:
-Body and organs
-Human as a whole
-Social environment
52
Q

What 3 things does the disorder depend upon?

A

Impairment, activity and participation

53
Q

8 reasons why rates of disability are higher globally

A

Childbirth, civil war, genetics, landmines, malnutrition, polio, poor health care and technology

54
Q

What did the Disability Discrimination Act state?

When was it commissioned?

A

Rights to people who have a physical, sensory or mental disability that makes it hard for them to carry out day-to-day activities
1995

55
Q

What did the Equality Act state?

When was it commissioned?

A

If you have a substantial and long term disability that affects your ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities
2010

56
Q

What did the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities state?
When was it commissioned?

A

Stated that disability is along-term, physical, mental or sensory impairment that may hinder a full and effective participation in society

57
Q

What will happen to the number of informal carers in the future?

A

Decrease as family size is decreasing and length of time in work is increasing

58
Q

Define carer

A

Someone who, without payment, provides help and support to a partner, child, relative, friend or neighbour, who could not manage without their help due to age, physical/mental illness, addition or disability

59
Q

2 organisations which provide formal care

A

Voluntary or statutory services

60
Q

Where are carer levels concentrated

A

In levels of deprivation

61
Q

Arguably the most challenging person to be a carer for is someone who has a …?

A

Mental health problem

62
Q

What did the Care Act/ Children and Families Act state?

When was it commissioned?

A

Carers can demand an assessment of a person
Carers must be made aware of their entitlements, have a grant and be aware of their health and wellbeing
2014

63
Q

What is the criteria needed in order to get the Carer’s Allowance?

A 
35+ hours a week caring for someone who receives a qualifying disability benefit
Be 16+
Earn less than £110 a week
Have no overlapping benefit
It is also taxable
64
Q

What is the standard Carer’s Allowance?

A

£60

65
Q

What did the Work and Families Act state?

When was it commissioned?

A

Carers get flexible working regulations and unpaid tie off if their dependants need them
2006

66
Q

Define clinical trial

What does it not assume?

A

A planned experiment involving patients designed to determine the most appropriate treatment of future patients with a given medical condition
It does not assume that there is control of randomisation

67
Q

What are thr 4 phases of a clinical trial?

A

1: Dosage and side effects on healthy volunteers; not controlled or randomised
2: Toxicity determined; not controlled or randomised
3. Compare with the current treatment; randomised and controlled
4. Post marketing side effects

68
Q

When will a drug not be tested on health volunteers during phase 1 of a clinical trial?

A

If the treatment is toxic

69
Q

Problem with concurrent controls?

A

They are not random

Volunteer bias, are the groups similar?

70
Q

Problems with case series?

A

Observation leads to decreased evidence

71
Q

Define ‘regression to the mean’

A

A group are measured and then re-measured

Individuals with extreme values have an increased chance of regressing towards the mean on the second measurement

72
Q

Define stratification

A

A processes to ensure balance

Adjusts differences between randomised groups

73
Q

What are the two types of blinding?

A

Blinding the allocated intervention

Blinding the outcome assessment

74
Q

Problems with randomised controlled trials

A

The patient has no choice

75
Q

What are the 3 types of bias?

A

Selection bias
Ascertainment (Detection) bias
Performance bias

76
Q

Define selection bias

A

Error in creating the groups so they differ in baseline factors
Participants are not representative of the population

77
Q

Define ascertainment (detection) bias

A

Distortion of the results in a trial are due to the knowledge of the assessor

78
Q

Define performance bias

A

Differences between the control and intervention group

79
Q

What does allocation concealment prevent?

A

Researchers from influencing the groups

80
Q

Why may there be many harmful treatments still in use today?

A

There were few RCT’s throughout history

81
Q

What happens if the doctor chooses healthy/ sick patients?

A

Healthy: exaggerated effect
Sick: diluted effect

82
Q

Why do systematic reviews have a high weighting of evidence?

A

Many RCT’s

Medicine - Year 1 (20 decks)

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