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Medicine - Year 1 > Health and Society (Block 4-5) > Flashcards

Health and Society (Block 4-5) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical term for genetic anaemia?

A

Haemoglobinopathy

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2
Q

What happens in thalassaemia?

A

A reduction in the quantity of the alpha and beta globulin chains

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3
Q

What actually happens in the sickled cells?

A

Valine replaces glutamic acid

Decreased solubility forms crystals

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4
Q

What type of anaemia does sickle cell lead to?

A

Haemolytic anaemia

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5
Q

What disease increases the risk of infections?

A

Sickle cell disease

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6
Q

Two ethnicities which have a genetic predisposition for anaemia

A

African

Mediterranean

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7
Q

What does treatment response vary between?

A

Different ethnicities

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8
Q

Define ethnocentricity

Is this true for most medical conditions?

A

Only occurs in one minority

Not true for most medical conditions

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9
Q

How can genetic tests cause stigmitisation?

A

You are only testing minorities

Perception that the minority brings the disease

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10
Q

What does descriptive data ask?
4 characteristics
2 examples

A

WHAT is it like?
Accurate, representative, no control, specific time
Survey, case report/ case series

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11
Q

What does analytic data ask?
2 characteristics
2 examples

A

WHY is it like this?
Control and spans across time
Experimental trials or observational case/control studies

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12
Q

What are the 2 definitions of bias?

A
  • A SYSTEMATIC ERROR in measurement
  • Systematic distortion of the estimated intervention effect away from the ‘truth’ due to inadequacies in the design, conduct and analysis of the trial
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13
Q

2 examples of research synthesis

A

Systematic review

Meta analysis

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14
Q

Define risk

A

The probability that an event will occur over a specific time
A QUANTIFIED UNCERTAINTY

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15
Q

3 ways of quantifying risk

A

Natural frequency
Probability
Percentage

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16
Q

What is natural frequency?

A

e.g. 1 in 1000

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17
Q

Define odds

A

The ratio of the probability that it will to the probability that is won’t

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18
Q

What are risk and odds similar to?

Why?

A

Mean and median

They can have the same or different values

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19
Q

How do you calculate risk?

A

The number who get the thing / The number in the group

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20
Q

Define risk difference

What does it look at?

A

The absolute difference in risk between two groups

Looks at the IMPACT

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21
Q

Define risk ratio

A

Strength of the relationship

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22
Q

How do you calculate risk difference?

What will the value be if the risk between the two groups is the same, higher or lower?

A

Risk with - Risk without
Same = zero
Higher = +
Lower = -

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23
Q

How do you calculate risk ratio?

What will the value be if the risk between the two groups is the same, higher or lower?

A

Risk with / Risk without
Same = 1
Higher = more than 1
Lower = less than 1

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24
Q

How do you calculate odds ratio?

What will the value be if the risk between the two groups is the same, higher or lower?

A

Odds with / Odds without
Same = 1
Higher = more than 1
Lower = less than 1

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25
2 examples of relative measures of risk
Risk and odds ratio
26
3 examples of absolute measures of risk
Risk, odd and risk difference
27
What is the difference between relative and absolute measures of risk?
``` Relative = relative to something Absolute = no reference to any other group ```
28
5 scenarios when people are more likely to accept risks
If the risks are controllable, fair, familiar, non-catastrophic and voluntary
29
How can you help explain risks?
Visual prompts
30
What are the 5 categories of ADL?
Domestic, locomotion, leisure, personal and work
31
What are the 3 stages of recovery to regain ADL?
Assessment, measurement, monitoring
32
What is the main reason for bed blockers?
People have poor ADL
33
How do you assess the muscle with a muscoloskeletal issue compared to a neurological issue?
Musculoskeletal: Strength Neurological: Tone
34
Define 'Disability'
Restriction/ lack of ability to perform an activity in the normal range of a human due to environmental, physical or social barriers A consequence of an impairment and dependent upon the individual
35
Define 'Impairment'
Temporary/permanent loss/abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function in an individual
36
Define 'Handicap'
Disadvantage to an individual based on impairment/disability that prevents normal fulfilment of a role
37
3 roles of an occupational therapist
Assessment, goal setting, quality of life improvement
38
5 stages of an occupational therapists examination
Observetion, reports, questions, examination and tests
39
What 5 things can physiotherapists and occupational therapists do for?
Self-management | Improved quality of life, function, independence and confidence
40
What is pain and what is it not?
Pain is a symptom, not a diagnosis
41
What are the 4 levels of outcome measurement?
Individual patient, service level, MDT level, organisational level
42
How is the patient treated with the traditional medical model?
Pain relief
43
How is the patient treated with the bio-psycho-social model?
Patient is involved in their recovery | They must have a positive attitude and motivation to increase their abilities
44
What movement caused embarrassment for disabled people?
Eugenics
45
What did the disability society state in the 1900's?
That disabled people needed care and couldn't do things
46
When was the medical model of disability challenged?
1960's
47
What did the medical model of disability state?
Focus on what was wrong with the patient and what they couldn't do --> exclusion from society
48
2 critiques of the medical model of disability
Blames the disability on the patient | Does not look at social factors
49
3 critiques of the social model of disability
Idea of an 'idyllic society' Natural environment Focus on common disabilities, not complex ones
50
What is the ICFDH?
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
51
What is the WHO's new definition for disability? | What are the three determinants
``` Focuses on society and removes handicap 3 determinants are: -Body and organs -Human as a whole -Social environment ```
52
What 3 things does the disorder depend upon?
Impairment, activity and participation
53
8 reasons why rates of disability are higher globally
Childbirth, civil war, genetics, landmines, malnutrition, polio, poor health care and technology
54
What did the Disability Discrimination Act state? | When was it commissioned?
Rights to people who have a physical, sensory or mental disability that makes it hard for them to carry out day-to-day activities 1995
55
What did the Equality Act state? | When was it commissioned?
If you have a substantial and long term disability that affects your ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities 2010
56
What did the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities state? When was it commissioned?
Stated that disability is along-term, physical, mental or sensory impairment that may hinder a full and effective participation in society
57
What will happen to the number of informal carers in the future?
Decrease as family size is decreasing and length of time in work is increasing
58
Define carer
Someone who, without payment, provides help and support to a partner, child, relative, friend or neighbour, who could not manage without their help due to age, physical/mental illness, addition or disability
59
2 organisations which provide formal care
Voluntary or statutory services
60
Where are carer levels concentrated
In levels of deprivation
61
Arguably the most challenging person to be a carer for is someone who has a ...?
Mental health problem
62
What did the Care Act/ Children and Families Act state? | When was it commissioned?
Carers can demand an assessment of a person Carers must be made aware of their entitlements, have a grant and be aware of their health and wellbeing 2014
63
What is the criteria needed in order to get the Carer's Allowance?
``` 35+ hours a week caring for someone who receives a qualifying disability benefit Be 16+ Earn less than £110 a week Have no overlapping benefit It is also taxable ```
64
What is the standard Carer's Allowance?
£60
65
What did the Work and Families Act state? | When was it commissioned?
Carers get flexible working regulations and unpaid tie off if their dependants need them 2006
66
Define clinical trial | What does it not assume?
A planned experiment involving patients designed to determine the most appropriate treatment of future patients with a given medical condition It does not assume that there is control of randomisation
67
What are thr 4 phases of a clinical trial?
1: Dosage and side effects on healthy volunteers; not controlled or randomised 2: Toxicity determined; not controlled or randomised 3. Compare with the current treatment; randomised and controlled 4. Post marketing side effects
68
When will a drug not be tested on health volunteers during phase 1 of a clinical trial?
If the treatment is toxic
69
Problem with concurrent controls?
They are not random | Volunteer bias, are the groups similar?
70
Problems with case series?
Observation leads to decreased evidence
71
Define 'regression to the mean'
A group are measured and then re-measured | Individuals with extreme values have an increased chance of regressing towards the mean on the second measurement
72
Define stratification
A processes to ensure balance | Adjusts differences between randomised groups
73
What are the two types of blinding?
Blinding the allocated intervention | Blinding the outcome assessment
74
Problems with randomised controlled trials
The patient has no choice
75
What are the 3 types of bias?
Selection bias Ascertainment (Detection) bias Performance bias
76
Define selection bias
Error in creating the groups so they differ in baseline factors Participants are not representative of the population
77
Define ascertainment (detection) bias
Distortion of the results in a trial are due to the knowledge of the assessor
78
Define performance bias
Differences between the control and intervention group
79
What does allocation concealment prevent?
Researchers from influencing the groups
80
Why may there be many harmful treatments still in use today?
There were few RCT's throughout history
81
What happens if the doctor chooses healthy/ sick patients?
Healthy: exaggerated effect Sick: diluted effect
82
Why do systematic reviews have a high weighting of evidence?
Many RCT's

Medicine - Year 1 (20 decks)

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