Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine - Year 1 > Block 2 - Respiratory Systems (1-2) > Flashcards

Block 2 - Respiratory Systems (1-2) Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are part of the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses and Pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Example of an upper respiratory infection

A

Sinusitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of enclosure do the ribs form?

A

A conical enclosure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many true, false and floating ribs do we have?

A

True: 7
False: 4
Floating: 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 muscles of inspiration (aside from the external intercostal and diaphragm )

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Parasternal intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 muscles of expiration (aside from the internal intercostal)

A

External and internal abdominal oblique

Transverse and rectus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the lungs in normal expiration to decrease the volume of the thorax?

A

Elastic recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to the abdominal cavity during inspiration?

A

It expands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define transverse expansion

A

Elevation of the lateral shaft of the rubs

Bucket handle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define anteroposterior expansion

A

Superior and anterior upwards movement of the sternum

Pump handle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of the conducting division?

A

Cleanse, warm and humidify incoming air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 structures in the respiratory division

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the external part of the nose made from?

A

Bone, Cartilage, Facial muscle, Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the holes at the back of the nose called? (NOT the holes in the back of the skull)

A

Posterior nasal apeture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are olfactory muscosa found?

A

The roof of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of epithelium is the respiratory mucosa?

What other cells are present

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the sphenoepithelial recess?

A

Superior to the superior conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the sinuses make the head lighter?

A

Bone is heavy; air is light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the sphenoepithelial recess open into?

A

Sphenoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the superior meatus open into?

A

Ethmoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the middle meatus open into?

A

Ethmoid, frontal and maxillary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the inferior meatus open into?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are tears produced from?

A

The lacrimal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does inflammation in the nose affect?

A

Speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does the pharynx end?

A

Cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the superior constrictor muscle attach to?

What does the middle and inferior constrictor muscles attach to?

A

Superior: Cranium base

Middle and inferior: Cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does the nasopharynx run from and to?

A

From the skull base to the uvula and soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does the oropharynx run from and to?

A

From the soft palate to the epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the laryngenopharynx run from and to?

A

From the epiglottis to the cricoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of the eustachian tube?

What part of the ear does it run from?

A

Equalises pressure between the ear and environment by letting fluid out
Middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the name of a middle ear infection?

A

Otis media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils?

What is their role?

A

Nasopharynx

Lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do tonsils become inflamed?

A

Increased blood flow to the area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where are the palatine and lingual tonsils?

What is their role?

A

Oropharynx

Digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What 2 structures is the larynx made from?

A

Cartilage and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 3 unpaired components of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 3 paired components of the larynx?

A

Artenynoid, cuneiform and corniculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which is the superior and inferior vocal fold: false or true?

A

Superior: False
Inferior: True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the vocal folds mainly made from?

A

Ligamentous bands of artenynoid that run from the thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

2 characteristics of the cricoid cartilage

A

Continuous ring

Larger at the front than back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which cartilage forms the lower boundary of the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What vertebral level does the cricoid cartilage end at?

A

C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

10-15cm long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What type of cartilage and muscle is the trachea made from?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Trachealis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

3 terms to describe where the trachea bifurcates into the bronchi
What vertebral level is it?

A

Carnia
Angle of Louis
Manubriosternal angle
T4/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which bronchus is more horizontal?

2 other characteristics?

A

Left bronchus

Longer and closer to the carnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which bronchi will most likely have a foreign object in it?

A

The more vertical one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What controls regular breathing?

A

A central neural rhythm controlled by the dorsal and ventral respiratory centres in the brain?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where in the brain are the dorsal and ventral respiratory centres found?

A

Below the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which nerve controls breathing?

A

PHRENIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the pH of the blood detected by?

2 things; 4 places

A

Cerebral spinal fluid and chemoreceptors in the 4th ventricle and ventral medulla
Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the 3 zones of the ventral medulla which are able to detect blood pH?

A

Rostal, Caudal and Chemosensitive zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

3 diseases/disorders which can cause hyperventilation

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure and aspirin overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Which enzyme converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Type 1: Decreased oxygen and Increased carbon dioxide

Type 2: Kidneys retain carbon dioxide to balance pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What type of drug is carbon dioxide?

What does it cause?

A

A narcotic

Sleep and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why will you cause more harm to a COPD patient if you give them oxygen?

A

They are hypOventilating

Their carbon dioxide levels will increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

2 hormones which cause hyperventilation

When?

A

Progesterone (pregnancy)

Adrenaline (anxiety)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What happens to calcium if the carbon dioxide levels decrease?

A

Calcium becomes less ionised

More nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How does the body prevent anaerobic respiration from occurring during exercise?

A

Mechanoreceptors in the joints detect movement so respiration rate increases before anaerobic respiration starts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Is the vagus nerve mainly made from the sympathetic or parasympathetic system?
What neurotransmitter does it therefore release a lot of?

A

Parasympathetic

Ach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

Airway, gut, heart, larynx, lung sensation + palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What happens if gas leaks into the pleura?

A

The lungs have limited expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which airways does air often and not often reach?

A

Often reaches the large airways

Reaches the smaller airways less often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Define FRC

A

Functional residual capacity

Normal breath out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Define TLC

A

Total lung capacity

Exaggerated breath in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Define RV

A

Residual volume

Exaggerated breath out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What happens to FEV1 and FEC in obstructive and restrictive disorders?

A

Obstructive: FEV1 decreases but FEC stays the same
Restrictive: FEV1 stays the same but FEC decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where does scalloping occur on a COPD graph?

A

After the peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What happens to the movement of the bucket handle with a patient with COPD?

A

The bucket handle is moved IN not OUT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What receptor causes cough?

How is it activated?

A

P2X3

Cell damage releases ATP which binds to this receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Define aspiration

A

Inhalation of a foreign material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

How do ACE inhibitors cause cough?

A

They increase nerve sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Most common demographic cough presentation?

A

Middle-aged women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is cough due to?

A

Nerve sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is the medical name for chronic cough?

What is it caused by?

A

Cough hypersensitive syndrome

Increased nerve sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

3 receptors that cause cough?

When/where

A

TRP A1 receptor: Cough in cold weather
TRP V1 receptor: Cough in warm weather
Chilli receptor: On airway nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What 3 structures are together in mammals and babies?
What does this form?
Which structure has moved away in humans?

A

Epiglottis, soft palate and arytenoid cartilage form a valve

Soft palate has moved away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Which is superior and inferior: the ectoderm or endoderm

A

Superior: Ectoderm
Inferior: Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What type of membrane is the pleural, pericardium and peritoneal embranes?
What is their role?

A

Membranes are a type of mesothelial

Decrease friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What membrane does the mouth form from?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What membrane forms tubes for the urine and faeces?

A

Cloacal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

During embryonic development; what 2 directions does folding occur in?

A

Vertically and horizontally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is the membrane on the inside and outside of the yolk sac called?

A

Inside: Endoderm
Outside: Splanchnopleuric mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is the coelom?

What does it do?

A

A fluid-filled cylindrical chamber that surrounds the gut tube
It splits the pericardia and peritoneal cavity by the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What membrane do the lung buds arise from?

A

Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What are the pericardioperitoneal canals?

A

2 openings on either side of the gut tube (posteriorly) made by the septum transversum
Ensure that the thoracic and abdominal cavities are not completely separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What happens to the pleuropericardial folds?

A

They fold coronally and zip together separating the pericardium and pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What 2 things do the pleuropericardial folds contain?

A

The phrenic nerve and common cardial vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

How big is the pleural cavity?

A

Negligible at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Where do the pleuroperitoneal membranes grow?
When?
What is their role?

A

Grows transversely out of the back wall
At the same time as the pleuropericardial folds are folding
Zips up the canals at the back of the septum transversum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What vertebral level is the septum transversum?

A

C3-C5

93
Q

Where do precusor myoblasts migrate from?

What do they bring other than muscle?

A

Lateral body walls

Nerve supply

94
Q

What 4 structures make up the diaphragm?

A

Dorsal mesentary of oesophagus
Mesoderm of the body wall
Pleuroperitoneal membranes
Septum transversum

95
Q

What is the congenital condition where the diaphragm has holes in the back?

A

Congenital diaphragmatic herniation

96
Q

What is the congenital condition when the abdominal cavity leaks into the thoracic cavity?

A

Lung compression hypoplasia

97
Q

Where does the thorax run from and to?

A

Neck to diaphragm

98
Q

What are the 3 cavities in the thorax?

What do they contain?

A

2 pulmonary cavities: Lungs

1 central mediastinum : Thoracic structures and heart

99
Q

What is the apex of the lungs?

Where does it extend to?

A

Top of the lungs

Extends to the root of the neck, above the clavicles

100
Q

Which surface is the hilum found in?

A

Mediastinal surface

101
Q

What are the 2 recesses found in the pleurae?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess: Space at the bottom of the lung

Costomediastinal recess: Space at the sides of the lung

102
Q

Which recess expands upon breathing?

A

Costomediastinal

103
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?

A

Diaphragmatic: base
Mediastinal: Medial surface
Costal: Contact with the ribs

104
Q

What are the 3 borders of the lungs?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Inferior: Covers the diaphragmatic surface

105
Q

Which fissure is found in both lungs and which fissure is only found in the right?

A

Both: OBLIQUE fissure
Right: Horizontal fissure

106
Q

What lobes do you auscultate if you are auscultating from the back?
Where are these lobes found?
What position does the patient have to be in?

A

Superior lobe: Above the scapula line/ 6th rib
Inferior lobe: Below the scapula line/ 6th rib

Hands must be on the back of the head

107
Q

Where is the horizontal and oblique fissure found if you are auscultating from the side?

A

Horizontal fissure: Crosses the mid-auxiliary line at rib 5 and runs to the bottom of rib 4
Oblique fissure: Crosses the mid-auxiliary line at rib 5/6 and runs to the bottom of rib 6

108
Q

If you are auscultating from the front, where would you auscultate for each lobe and the apex?

A

Apex: Above the clavicle
Superior lobe: Above rib 4
Middle lobe: 4-6th rib
Inferior lobe: Below rib 6

109
Q

Which lines down the chest do the ribs run in?

A

Sternal line until the 4th costal cartilage
Right: Diverges due to the notch
Left: Runs in the parasternal line from 4th-6th costal cartilage

110
Q

When does the lung pass the mid-auxiliary line?

A

Rib 8

111
Q

When does the lung pass the mid-scapula line?

A

Rib 10

112
Q

What is different about when the pleural border passes the rib landmarks?

A

2 ribs inferior

113
Q

Which pleura surround the hila?

What does an excess of this cause?

A

Parietal plura

Pulmonary ligament

114
Q

What order do structrues enter the hila?

A

Bronchus BEHIND veins
Right artery anterior to bronchus
Left artery superior to bronchus

115
Q

What are the lateral borders of the mediastinum?

A

Mediastinal pleurae

Part of the parietal pleurae

116
Q

What is another term to describe the location of the neck root?

A

Thoracic inlet

117
Q

Where does the thoracic plane run?

A

Runs from the manubrio-sternal joint to the T4/T5 vertebrae

118
Q

What is the manubrio-sternal joint?

A

The joint between the two sternal bones and where the second costal cartilage joins

119
Q

Which part of the mediastinum is further divided?

A

Inferior mediastinum

120
Q

What are the three vessels running from the aortic arch?

What order do they run in?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk (R subclavian - R common carotid)
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

121
Q

What plane sits on top of the heart?

A

Thoracic plane

122
Q

What veins bring blood back to the heart?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

123
Q

What are the 7 structures found in the superior mediastinum?

A

Aortic arch, Brachiocephalic veins, Oesophagus, Phrenic nerve, Thoracic duct, Trachea, Vagus nerve

124
Q

Where is the anterior inferior mediastinum?
3 structures found in it
1 extra structure found in an adult/infant

A

Between the sternum and the heart

Lymph nodes, Sternopericardial ligaments, Thoracic vessels
Adult: Fibro-fatty connective tissue
Infant: Thymus gland

125
Q

What is the role of sternopericardial ligaments?

A

Keep the heart in place

126
Q

Where is the middle inferior mediastinum?

6 structures found in it

A

The membrane which surrounds the heart

Deep cardiac pleux, Great vessels, Heart, Pericardium, Phrenic nerve, Pulmonary vasculature

127
Q

What is the deep cardiac pleux?

A

Nerves which innervate the heart

128
Q

Where is the posterior inferior mediastinum?

6 structures found in it

A

Behind the heart and in front of the thoracic vertebrae

Azygous vein (hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous too), Descending thoracic aorta, Lymph nodes, Oesophagus, Thoracic duct, Vagus nerve

129
Q

What organ does the vagus nerve run alongside?

A

Oesophagus

130
Q

Where is the azygous vein?

What is its role?

A

Either side of the superior and inferior vena cava

Gives another route for blood into the heart in case there is a blockage

131
Q

What do bronchioles not have that the bronchi and trachea does have?

A

Cartilage

132
Q 
What generation of the respiratory tree are these structures found?
Small bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchi
Alveoli
A

Small bronchi: 5th - 11th
Bronchioles: 12th
Respiratory bronchi: 16th
Alveoli: 23rd

133
Q

What epithelia is found between the nasal passage and small bronchi?

A

Pseudostratified

134
Q

What are the 3 cell types found between the nasal passage and small bronchi?

A

Ciliated: Mucociliary escalator
Goblet: Secrete mucus
Basal: Stem cells (e.g. olfactory epithelium)

135
Q

What are the two layers of the epithelium in the nose and oropharynx?

A

Mucosal layer

Respiratory epithelium

136
Q

What 2 layers is the respiratory epithelium made from?

A

Sol layer on the BOTTOM: Cilia

Gel mucous layer on the TOP: mucus

137
Q

What do irritant particles activate?

What does this lead to?

A

They activate irritant receptors leading to removal

138
Q

What do bronchioles have instead of goblet cells?

What are these also known as?

A

Club cells

Bronchiolar exocrine cells

139
Q

Where does the Lamina Propria lie?

A

Basal and Goblet cells –> Epithelium –> Muscle –> Lamina Propria

140
Q

What 6 structures are found in the Lamina Propria?

A

Blood vessels, cartilage, loose connective tissue, lymphoid cells, nerves and secretory glands

141
Q

What does mucus protect?

A

Mucosa

142
Q

What type of membrane does mucus create?

A

A semi-permeable membrane allowing nutrient exchange but no exchange of pathogens

143
Q

Where are smaller particles deposited in the airways?

By what process?

A

Smaller particles deposited in smaller airways by sedimentation

144
Q

What is the epithelium found in the mucus layer?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

145
Q

How does the nervous system cause the release inflammatory mediators?

A

Vagus nerve releases Ach via the parasympathetic division
Increased secretion of the bronchial gland
Increased mediator release

146
Q

When are inflammatory mediators released from the bronchial gland?

A

When the cilia or mucus is impaired?

Due to anaesthetic, dehydration, genetic or smoking

147
Q

What cells control the composition of mucus?

A

The epithelium

148
Q

What does mucus contain?

A

Mucins: A high molecular weight glycoprotein
Alpha-Antitrypsin: Inhibits protease release from pathogens
Lysozymes: Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal
Lactoferrin, peroxisomes and defensins: anti-fungal

149
Q

How do neutrophils destroy the alveoli in COPD?

A

Increased neutrophils causes decreases alpha-antitrypsin

This means the alveioli is exposed for neutrophil destruction

150
Q

What blood supply warms the blood in the nose?

A

Venous pleux

151
Q

How many rings does the cartilage have?

A

16-20

152
Q

What supplies the bronchi with blood?

A

Bronchial arteries

153
Q

How is the smooth muscle arranged in the bronchioles?

A

In helical bands

154
Q

What is the passage from the terminal bronchioles to the alveoli?

A

Terminal bronchioles - Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - Alveolar sacs - Alveoli

155
Q

What is the epithelium from the nasal mucosa to the terminal bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

156
Q

What is the epithelium in the bronchioles?

A

Simple ciliated cuboidal

157
Q

What is the epithelium in the respiratory bronchiole?

A

Simple cuboidal

158
Q

What does the nasal mucosa contain aside from epithelium?

A

Basement membrane, cilia, goblet cells, lamina propria

159
Q

What percantage of the alveoli are type 1 and 2?

A

Type 1: 95%

Type 2: 5%

160
Q

Type 1 pneumocyte:

Type of epithelium?
Type of junction?
What are they fused with?
What interface do they form?

A

Simple squamous
Occluding junctions
Fused with the basement membrane of the capillary epithelium
Blood-gas interface

161
Q

Type 2 pneumocyte:

Type of epithelium?
Type of junction?
What 2 things do they produce?
5 characteristics of the structure?

A

Cuboidal
Occluding junctions
Surfactant and lymphoid cells

Thicker, larger, rapidly dividing
Fluid and elastic layer

162
Q

What is surfactant and where is it produced?

A

A phospholipid produced in lamellar bodies

163
Q

When is surfactant hydrophilic/hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic in mucus

Hydrophobic in air

164
Q

What is surface tension?
What is compliance?
How does surfactant work?

A

Surface tension from stretch and recoil collapses small airways as high pressure is needed to keep them open
Decreased lung volumes causes compliance

Surfactant decreases surface tension and compliance to prevent alveolar collapse

165
Q

What connects neighbouring alveoli?

A

Pores of Kohn

166
Q

2 examples of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils and lymphocytes

167
Q

What macrophages are found in the alveoli?
What do they do?
4 things they secrete

A

Alveolar macrophages
Phagocytose
Chemokines, cytokines, interleukins and tumour necrosis factor

168
Q

What 4 things do mast cells secrete?

A

Heparin, Histamine, 5HT and enzymes

169
Q

What do natural killer cells contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes that secrete interferons, cytokines and tumour necrosis factor

170
Q

What two cells do dendritic cells signal?

A

Specialised mononuclear pathogens

Antigen presenting cells

171
Q

Where is BALT found?

A

Lamina propria

172
Q

What will affect gas exchange?

A

Anything interfering with the blood-brain barrier

173
Q

Define hyperpnoea

A

Increased breathing

174
Q

What triggers the cough reflex?

A

Irritation of irritant receptors in the respiratory tract

175
Q

What 2 structures limit things from entering the airways?

A

Bronchiole and laryngeal constrictions

176
Q

What triggers the sneezing reflex?

A

Irritation of olfactory receptors and trigeminal nerve endings in the nasal mucous membrane

177
Q

What nerve is involved in the cough reflex?

A

Vagus

178
Q

What nerves are involved in the sneezing reflex?

Where do the sensory nerves run to?

A

Sensory: Trigeminal and olfactory to the medulla
Motor: Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus and intercostal nerves

179
Q

What three muscles contract when you sneeze?

A

Pharyngeal, tracheal and respiratory

180
Q

What three region stimulate the swallowing reflex?

A

Tongue, soft palate and epiglottis

181
Q

What reflex stops respiration whilst you are swallowing?

A

Deglutination reflex

182
Q

Where are stretch receptors found?
What nerve is involved?
What type of inspiration is caused?

A

Smooth muscle of the bronchial walls

Vagus nerve sends sensory input to cause short and shallow inspiration

183
Q

How does the Herig-Breur inspiratory reflex work?

A

Pressure increased - stretch receptor activated - muscles decrease

184
Q

What does the deflation rflex cause

A

Increase in inspiratory muscle activity

185
Q

What are ‘J’ receptors?

Where are they found?

A

Juxtapulmonary receptors

Found in alveolar and bronchial arteries close to the capillaries

186
Q

What is the nervous supply to the J receptors?

A

Unmyelinated C-fibres

Vagus nerve

187
Q

What do the J receptors cause?

A

Apnoea; Constricted laynx; Decreased heart rate and blood pressure ;Rapid/slow breathing; Relaxation of skeletal muscle

188
Q

What are J receptors activated by?

A

Congestion, embolisms, histamine and pulmonary odema

189
Q

How does stretching of the digestive contents cause decreased breathing?

A

Signals to the stretch receptors and the medulla’s respiratory centre

190
Q

What 2 things does the dive reflex cause?

What does this lead to?

A

Decreased heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction causes drowning

191
Q

What can proprioceptors in the muscles/joints of the respiratory system do?
Which muscle does not have this ability?

A

Detect weight on muscles so increase respiration when there is increased weight
The diaphragm

192
Q

How does pain alter breathing?

A

Brief apnoea

Rapid and shallow breathing

193
Q

What two things do trigeminal and larynx receptors cause?

A

Apnoea and laryngeal spasm

194
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

The movement of gases in and out of the lungs

195
Q

How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation?

A

Respiratory rate x Tidal volume

196
Q

Define tidal volume

What are the units?

A

Air taken in and out of the lungs with each breath

L/min

197
Q

What is the respiratory rate of an adult/child?

A

Adult: 12-20 breaths per minute
Child: 20-30 breaths per minute

198
Q

What are the two types of dead space?

A

Anatomical

Physiological

199
Q

How do you calculate tidal volume?

A

Dead space + Volume of air entering the alveoli

200
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

Respiratory rate x (tidal volume - dead space)

201
Q

How do you calculate total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity + Residual volume

202
Q

How do you calculate vital capacity?

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume

203
Q

How do you calculate inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume

204
Q

How do you calculate forced residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve + residual volume

205
Q

How do you calculate forced vital capacity?

A

Maximum breath in + maximum breath out

206
Q

How do you calculate total lung capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve + residual volume

207
Q

Which two things cannot be measured directly from spirometry?

A

Residual volume

Functional residual capacity

208
Q

Give two ways which you can measure residual volume and functional residual capacity

A

Helium dilution method

Plethsymography

209
Q

Briefly explain the helium dilution method

A

Breathe in a chamber filled with helium until an equilibrium is reached then calculate the volume change

210
Q

Briefly explain plethsymography

A

The patient is placed in a cabin with a known initial pressure and volume
Breathing changes the pressure and volume and this is measured by a transducer

211
Q

What is PEF?

A

Peak expiratory flow

Measured by the blowy thing at home

212
Q

Explain the flow volume loop

A

Expiration: Effort dependent then independent (caused by pressure and air force in lungs, not you)
Equal pressure point: Airways collapse and turbulent air flow
Inspiration: When no more air can be released

213
Q

Where does airway collapse usually occur?

Where does it occur in asthmatics and why is this an issue?

A

In the upper airways where there is cartilage to protect

Occurs lower in asthmatics where there is no protection –> wheezing

214
Q

Why does the sub-atmospheric pressure increase in the intrapleural membrane when you breathe in?

A

Air drawn in so lung moves out and pleural membranes closer

215
Q

Define total biometric pressure

Where is it found?

A

Sum of all the gases; same in inspired and alveolar air

Alveoli

216
Q

How is the partial pressure of oxygen diluted in the alveoli?

A

Water vapour humidifies

217
Q

What is the air liquid interface?

A

The solubility of a gas

218
Q

What is CaO2?

A

Oxygen bound to haemoglobin x Oxygen dissolved in blood

219
Q

What is SaO2?

A

Percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen

220
Q

What does the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve show a relationship between?

A

PaO2
SaO2
CaO2

221
Q

Which Hb chain moves apart to make it easier for oxygen to bind?

A

Beta

222
Q

What colour is the blood in carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Cherry red

223
Q

What is the oxyhaemoglobin curve like in a foetus?

A

No beta chains means that Hb has an increased affinity for oxygen so gives oxygen up more easily
Curve to the LEFT

224
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

Removing oxygen from haemoglobin increases the ability of haemoglobin to pick up carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

225
Q

What are the terms for decreased and increased carbon dioxide?

A

Decreased: Hypocapnia (Alkalosis)
Increased: Hypercapnia (Acidosis)

226
Q

Give 4 metabolic causes of pH changes

A

Acidosis: renal damage, diabetes and diarrhoea
Alkalosis: vomiting

227
Q

What happens during respiratory acidosis?

A

Lungs retain carbon dioxide

Kidneys retain bicarbonate and extrete hydrogen ions

228
Q

What happens during respiratory alkalosis?

A

Lungs lose carbon dioxide

Kidneys excrete bicarbonate and retain hydrogen ions

Medicine - Year 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions