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Module 21: Ruminant Production > Production Diseases: Rumen Health & Cecum > Flashcards

Production Diseases: Rumen Health & Cecum Flashcards

1
Q

what is the rumen composed of

A

30litres/hour

40% methane

40% CO2

3 types of microbes:

  • Bacteria (10^10/g)
  • Protozoa (10^6/g)
  • Fungi (10^4/g)
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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a healthy rumen (temp, pH, etc)

A

Warm:

  • 37.5-42ºC

Moist:

  • Large quantity of water

Anaerobic:

  • Free of oxygen

pH:

  • >6.2 to neutral

Active:

  • 1-3 contractions/min

Microbes:

  • Bacteria, protozoa, fungi

Large fermentation vat

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3
Q

what is the lactic acidosis spiral

A

Rapid ingestion of starch causes formation of VFAs to form which drops pH

The drop in pH causes Streptococcus bovis to take over which produces lactic acid

Lactic acid drops the pH further and causes only Lactobacillus bacteria to grow which produce more lactic acid

Eventually leads to death

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4
Q

what is ruminal acidosis

A

Metabolic disorder arising into the rumen, which affects body fluids overpassing the body buffers for a determined amount of time

To be differentiated by metabolic acidosis is a condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve in body fluid

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5
Q

what are the 2 syndromes of ruminal acidosis

A

Acute ruminal acidosis

Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA)

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6
Q

describe the fermination pattern and rumen environment

A
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7
Q

describe the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis

A

Rapidly fermented:

Starches —> glucose

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8
Q

what effects does free glucose have on the rumen environment (3)

A
  1. Ruminal bacteria like S. bovis (lactic acid producer), which aren’t usually competitive can thrive
  2. Opportunistic bacteria such as E. coli can prosper and produce endotoxins or amides (histamines) when they die
  3. Free glucose increases osmolarity which can exacerbate accumulation of acids in the rumen by inhibiting VFA absorption
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9
Q

what effects does a low pH have on osmotic pressure

A

With low (more acidic) pH osmotic pressure is increased by greater ionization of VFAs

The ruminant absorption rate decreases

This exacerbates acidity and osmolarity

pH buffers such as bicarbonate come from saliva, the rest enters the rumen from blood in exchange for ionized acids

With concentrate diets the ruminal input of saliva decreases

A higher proportion of bicarbonate must be derived from blood

This decreases the base excess of blood leading to acidosis

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10
Q

what is acute ruminal acidosis

A

Well recognized and described

Intake of high quantities of rapidly fermentable CHO

Ruminal and metabolic acidosis

L- and D-lactate acidosis

Rapid decrease in pH

Seen in feedlots, grain beef system

Severe ruminitis

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11
Q

what are the clinical signs of acute rumen acidosis

A

Bloat

Anorexia/ruminal stasis

Severe metabolic acidosis — tachypnea, hyperpnea

Diarrhea

Dehydration, shock, recumbency

DEATH

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12
Q

how is acute ruminal acidosis diagnosed

A

History

Clinical signs

Rumen pH (<5), rumen fermentation ceased

Plasma pH or TCO2

PM

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13
Q

describe what happens in the rumen during acute rumen acidosis

A

In a relatively short time 4-8 hours ruminal pH drops until 4.5-5

At this pH, S. bovis a “ lactate producer” microbe thrive and this leads to a rapid accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen

Increased osmolality and dehydration

In addition, the chemical (acid) damage to the rumen mucosa, cause endotoxin release (LPS) and amides (histamine) and bacteria access to the portal circulation

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14
Q

what is the clinical picture of acute rumen acidosis

A

Affected cattle are completely off feed, exhibit drastically decreased milk production, dehydration and elevated HR and RR

Splashy, static rumen, cool skin surface

Subnormal temp

Diarrhea or loose manure

Weak and can be recumbent depending on the entity of electrolyte imbalance

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15
Q

what are the consequences of acute ruminal acidosis

A

Ruminitis (rumen papillae deformation, parakeratosis)

Ruminitis liver abscess complex

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16
Q

how is acute rumen acidosis treated

A

n severe emergency consider rumenotomy

Correct ruminal and metabolic acidosis and dehydration (sodium bicarb per os and IV)

Encourage feeding on forage

Rumen function stimulants ex. Pro rumen or vetrumex

Transfer or rumen contents from healthy cattle

Consider on farm emergency slaughter

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17
Q

what is subacute rumen acidosis (SARA)

A

Feeding of diets of high energy density and low fibre

Rumen pH <5.5 or 5.2

Fermentation disturbances

Economical important in high yielding dairy cattle and intensive fattening operations

Animals do not show specific clinical signs

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18
Q

what are the consequences of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA)

A

Decreased feed intake

Loss of body condition (mainly in early lactation)

Increase lameness (laminitis/white line disease)

Infertility

Diarrhea/soft feces containing undigested material

Milk fat depression (fermentation changes, decreased ratio acetate/propionate)

High culling rate

Increased mastitis

Dirty

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19
Q

what should be investigated during a rumen health visit (10)

A
  1. cattle outputs
  2. cow signs
  3. rationassessment and cow management
  4. milk records
  5. blood parameters
  6. BCS
  7. rumen fill score (1-5)
  8. fecal consistency (1-5)
  9. fecal sieve score (1-5)
  10. ruminal fluid pH
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20
Q

what are cattle outputs used to guide the rumen health visit

A

Milk records (milk yields, butterfat, protein, urea)

  • Low butterfat levels can indicate ruminal acidosis

Blood chemistry (urea, BHB, NEFAs)

  • NEFAs and BHB: high level indicative of fat mobilization and NEB
  • Urea: high level (>6mmol/L) suggests excess dietary protein or inadequate metabolize energy
21
Q

what are cow signs used to guide the rumen health

A

weight loss/gain (BCS)

rumen fill

feces quality

rumen fluid (pH, analysis of microbes)

cudding/rumination rate

22
Q

what aspects of the ration is assessed for rumen health

A

DMI

ration composition

feed space per cow

ad-libitum access

23
Q

how is the rumen fill score used to assess rumen health

A

1-5

Target scores:

  • Pre-calvers: 4
  • Fresh callers and peak yielders: 3-3.5
  • Score below these target suggest a problem in ration (acidosis but not only)
24
Q

how is fecal consistency (1-5) used to assess rumen health

A

1-5

Target score:

  • Pre-calvers: 4
  • Fresh callers and peak yielders: 3
25
Q

how is the fecal sieve score (1-5) used to assess rumen health

A

Pre-calvers: 1-3

Fresh callers and peak yielders 1-2

26
Q

how is ruminal fluid pH used to assess rumen health

A

<5.2 acidosis

5.2-5.8 borderline

Over 5.9 okay

Rumenocentesis

  • Microscopic inspection
  • Protozoal motility scoring
27
Q

how is rumination rate used to assess rumen health

A

60% of cows lying around should be ruminating

60 chews per cud

28
Q

what are the components of a good ration

A

DMI, ration composition

Feed space per cow, ad-libitum access

Good balanced ration

Adequate long fibre

Good quality forages

Good mixing of the diet (no sorting)

Consistency of diet

Limit parlour feeding

Cow comfort

Maximize DMI

  • Adequate feed space
  • Ad-lib water and feed
29
Q

what are the indications of rumenotomy

A

Removal of foreign bodies

  • Metal bodies
    • Traumatic reticulitis
    • Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
    • Reticulopericarditis
  • Obstruction
    • Reticuloomasal orifice
    • Located at distal part of esophagus
  • Used during oral medication

Ruminal content:

  • Acute toxic ingestion
  • Frothy bloat
  • Grain overload
  • Ruminal impaction

Abscess drainage

  • Perireticular
30
Q

what are presurgical rumen procedures done

A

Antibiotic (broad spectrum)

Anti-inflammatory/painkiller (NSAID)

IV fluid therapy (if necessary)

Adequate restraint +/- sedation

Regional anesthesia block

31
Q

what are the surgical techniques for rumen surgery

A

Left flank laparotomy

  • 25cm length

Rumen serosa sutured to the skin

  • Cushing pattern — cutting needle

Vertical rumen wall incision

  • 3cm from dorsal and ventral margins

Remove rumen contents

  • By hand + creating syphon with a tube

Explore

  • Ventral sac of rumen (FB)
  • Reticulum (foreign bodies and adhesions)

Palpation:

  • Transruminal:
  • Reticulum, omasum, abomasum
  • Ruminoreticular fold
  • Esophageal orifice
  • cmasal orifice

Remove FB

Abscess drainage (if possible)

Magnet placement

Closure of ruminal incision (2 layers)

  • 1st layer — rumen attached to skin (inverted pattern like Cushing using absorbable suture)
  • Lavage
  • Release rumen
  • 2nd layer — oversewing skin suture holes — cushing
  • Lavage + clean all debris

Release and allow to return to abdomen

Closure as for laparotomy

32
Q

what are post surgery care

A

antibiotherapy

nsaids

33
Q

what are complications of rumen surgery

A

Rate <5% to 15%

Peritonitis

  • Painful abdomen
  • Mild fever
  • Drastic drop in milk production

Incisional infection

Seroma

Abscesses

34
Q

how can cecum dilation and dislocation be presented as

A

Distention

Displacement

Retroflexion (displacement of the cecum apex in cranial direction)

Torsion (twist of cecum along the longitudinal axis)

Partial or complete obstruction to passage of ingesta

35
Q

what is the clinical presentation of cecal dilation and dislocation

A

Acute onset of mild colic

Normal to moderately elevated HR

Decreased appetite

Reduced rumen motility

Decreased to absent feces output

Distention of the right flank

Positive succession and percussion auscultation of the right flank

36
Q

where is the cecum located

A

apex towards to pelvic inlet

37
Q

how are cecum dilation and dislocaiton diagnosed

A

Rectal exam + clinical exam

38
Q

what will a simple cecal dilation feel on rectal exam

A

Rounded

Dome-shaped structure

Diameter ~15cm

Extending into the pelvic inlet

39
Q

what will a simple cecal dilation + torsion feel on rectal exam

A

Rounded

Dome-shaped structure

Diameter ~15cm

Extending into the pelvic inlet

+

Ileocecal fold — taut, twisted painful band

Dilated loops of intestine

40
Q

what will a cecal retroflexion feel like on rectal exam

A

Body of cecum, not the apex

Not possible to differentiate from RDA/RVA

41
Q

how are cecal dilation/dislocations treated

A

Conservative

surgical

42
Q

how are cecal dilation/dislocations treated conservatively

A

Early stages of simple dilation

Prokinetic drugs

Purgatives

IV infusion

43
Q

when is surgical management for cecal dilation/dislocations indicated

A

No improvement after medical attempt in early stages

Suspected retroflexion or torsion

44
Q

what are the indications of typhlotomy

A

drainage of cecum content

+

proximal loop of the ascendant colon (PLAC)

45
Q

what are the indications for partial/complete typhlectomy

A

Partial:

  • Cecal necrosis
  • Recurrent cecal dilation-volvulus

Complete:

  • Advanced cecal necrosis
  • Advanced cecocolic necrosis
46
Q

what is the surgical technique of typhlotomy

A

Local anesthesia instead of general (easier manipulation of heavy cecum with standing animal)

Right flank laparotomy

  • Incision 25-30cm (vertical or slightly more caudal and caudodorsal to cranioventral direction)

Exteriorization of the apex of the cecum

Pushing gently with the palm of hand

Incision of 4cm over the apex

Contents drainage

Massage of PLAC and cecum body towards the apex

Incision closed with inverted pattern (Cushing)

Flush apex with warm saline

Replace it into abdomen

If fills again with a large volume of ingesta — repeat points 3-7

Reposition of cecum in normal anatomic position and close abdomen

47
Q

what is the surgical technique for partial typhlectomy

A

2% lidocaine infiltrated in the ileocecal fold

Mass ligatures to prevent hemorrhage from the vessels supplying the ileum

Clamped on the mesenteric and anti mesenteric side of the cecum

Resected 2-3cm distally of the clamps

Close with two inverted layers

48
Q

what are the post surgical typhlectomy/thylotomy care

A

Antibiotic (penicillin)

NSAID

Fluid therapy (if necessary)

Gradual introduction of diet (25%, 75%, 100% at fourth day)

Paraffin oil (3L) or sodium sulphate (300g in 10L water)

49
Q

what are the complications of typhlectomy/typhlotomy

A

Recurrence 10% — 1st week after typhlotomy, 12.5% — 1st year

Peritonitis due to devitalization of the intestine wall or abdominal contamination during surgery

Module 21: Ruminant Production (21 decks)

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