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Module 21: Ruminant Production > Negative Energy Balance > Flashcards

Negative Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

what are the diseases that occur around the transition period

A
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2
Q

what is the transition period

A

sudden increase in nutrition for milk production

100-120MJ to 300MJ or more

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3
Q

what occurs in the early lactation

A

physiological negative energy balance (NEB)

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4
Q

what occurs to DMI in the last week of pregnancy

A

decreases

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5
Q

what is more pronounced in fat cows during the last week of pregnancy

A

decrease in DMI

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6
Q

what are the risks and results of the tranistion period

A
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7
Q

what are the volatile fatty acids

A

acetate

propionate

butyrate

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8
Q

what are the typical VFA ratios

A

acetate: propionate:butyrate
70: 20:10 for high forage diets
60: 30:10 for high starch diets

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9
Q

what % of energy do VFAs provide

A

60-80%

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10
Q

describe normal energy metabolism in the ruminant

A
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11
Q

what occurs to normal energy balance during ketosis

A

energy comes from the catabolism of fat deposits which produce free fatty acids (NEFAs) which are converted into acetyl CoA which can enter the krebs cycle and glucose is produced

once too many NEFAs are produced they cannot enter the krebs cycle because it is overwhelmed and they are converted into ketone bodies

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12
Q

what are the ketone bodies

A

Acetone

Acetoacetate

B-hydroxybutyrate

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13
Q

what occurs during fatty liver

A

Fatty liver occurs when the rate of FA esterification to triglycerides (TGs) exceeds the rate of disappearance by hydrolysis and export as a constituent of VLDL

Considered to occur when liver TG > 30 mg/g wet

Ketosis and fatty liver can be thought of as different manifestations of the same disease

Subclinical can shift to clinical by small changes such as increasing dietary protein content

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14
Q

what is the epidemiology of ketosis

A

common

1-50% incidence

high producing, older dairy cows

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15
Q

what is the etiology of ketosis and the difference between primary and secondary ketosis

A

Over condition dry cows (‘fat cow syndrome’)

Primary ketosis:

  • Pathophysiological in high yielding dairy cows
  • Poor dry cow management
  • Poor fresh cow management

Secondary ketosis:

  • Retained fetal membrane, metritis
  • Hypocalcemia
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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of ketosis

A

Inappetance or anorexia — often roughage only

Milk drop and rapid weigh loss

Feces +/- firm and dry

Depression

Reduced rumen contraction frequency and strength

Temperature, cardiovascular, respiratory all normal

+/- acetone on breath

17
Q

what are the clinical signs of nervous form of ketosis

A

Very rare

Delirium

Circling

Leaning and crossing legs

Licking and chewing manias

Blindness

18
Q

what are the clinical findings of ketosis

A

Many cows systemically okay

Main effect:

  • Milk production
  • On reproductive performances
    • Submission rate
    • Conception rate
19
Q

how is ketosis diagnosed

A

Individual or herd

History — signalment

Clinical exam

Lab

Biochemistry

20
Q

what biochemistry measurements can diagnose ketosis

A

ketone bodies (blood, urine, milk)

NEFA (blood)

glucose (blood)

21
Q

what are the big variations on ketone bodies

A

feeding time

moment of days

milking time

22
Q

what are the normal levels of ketone bodies (BHB) in the blood

A
  1. 4 mmol/L (fresh cows)
  2. 7 mmol/L (dry cows)
23
Q

what are the normal levels of NEFAs in blood

A

300 umol/L (dry cows)

600 umol/L (fresh cows)

24
Q

what are the normal glucose levels

A

30-40 mg/100ml or 3.0 mmol/L

Not as straight forward as ketone bodies and less practical

25
Q

how is fatty liver diagnosed

A

clinical signs

liver biopsy

liver enzymes

post mortem

26
Q

how is ketosis treated

A

Hypoglycemia — glucose/dextrose IV (500ml of 50%)

Oral glucogenic agents — propylene glycol (glycerol, propionate salts)

Stimulate gluconeogenesis: steroids!

Choline and vitamin B

Vit E and Se

No Calcium IV

  • Damage hepatic tissue
27
Q

how is glucose/dextrose IV used to treat ketosis

A

500ml of 50%

Large proportion excreted in urine

2-3x a day

Reduced insulin response to glucose in ketotic cows

Essential in cases showing nervous signs

Additional treatment needed to prevent relapse

28
Q

how is oral glucogenic agents such as propylene glycol used to treat ketosis

A

Most common treatment on farm usually

250ml drench 2-3x day, then decrease

Farmer can do it

Pre-made drench for fresh cows

Converted in pyruvate, then OAA

Elevated blood glucose in 4h

If too much, decreases appetite

  • Counterproductive effect

May accumulate causing somnolence (drowsy)

29
Q

how are steroids used to treat ketosis

A

In ruminants probably change glucose distribution and utilization rather than stimulating gluconeogenesis

Hyperglycaemic agents (increase glucose in 24h)

Reduce milk yield

Not necessarily what the farmer wants

Short course not to decrease milk yield too much

Increase lipolysis

Increase hepatic triglyceride secretion

ex. Dexamethasone 1.33 mg/45 kg (25ml)

With other diseases?

  • Immunosuppression
30
Q

how can choline and vitamin B be used to treat ketosis

A

hepatoprotectors

free TGs from liver

31
Q

how are vit E and Se used to treat ketosis

A

anti-oxidant

protection muscle damage due to auto-peroxidase

32
Q

how is ketosis prevented

A

Everything possible should be done to maximize dry matter intake and reduce stress

  • Minimum competition — no overcrowding
    • 0.8m x cow: 80% feeding space
    • 12m^2 lying space (80% cubicle space)
  • May warranty a separate management group (cows vs heifers)
  • Hygiene
  • Maximize cow comfort
  • No pathological conditions (lameness)
  • Perfect nutrition!
33
Q

what nutrition should be fed with dry and post partum rations to maximize DMI in the transition period

A

High palatable forages

Consistent delivery of the diet:

  • Same one
  • Same time
  • Well mixed (no sorting)
  • Fibre chopped to max 2.5-3cm

Ensure palatable feed and water available at all times (24h)

10% left over the next day

Adequate levels of micro-elements

34
Q

what are the conventional dry cow nutrition groups

A

Far off dry group (40d) — low energy diet

Close up dry group (20d)

  • Similar ration to milking cows
  • For ruminal adaptation
  • High energy density
  • Introduce rapidly fermentable CHO and concentrate
35
Q

what is a new ‘golddilocks’ dry cow nutrition management

A

Far off and close up: both low energy diet

High content of straw and fibre (100-120MJ)

Force the cows to eat as much as they can

Full rumen

No BCS gain or loss

Essential good management

36
Q

what is the optimal BCS to prevent ketosis

A

2.75-3.25

dry off: 3-3.25

calving: 3.25

no loss or gain during the dry period

right BCS entering the dry period –> good fertility

37
Q

how can monensin be used to prevent ketosis

A

Increase propionate-producing bacteria

Better repartition of energy

In the close up and PP ration (transition period)

Kexxton bolus

In EU on vet prescription

38
Q

how can you monitor for ketosis

A

Ketone bodies (post partum)

  • Over 1.4mmol/L or purple

NEFA (pre-partum)

  • Over 300umol/L

Milk solids

  • Protein/fat ratio .075
  • Fat over 5.5
  • Protein less 3

Transition cow disease

  • Ketosis
  • Metritis
  • RFM
  • DA

BCS changes — dynamic

Dry matter intake

Module 21: Ruminant Production (21 decks)

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