Negative Energy Balance Flashcards by Kayla Stauffer

what are the diseases that occur around the transition period

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what is the transition period

sudden increase in nutrition for milk production

100-120MJ to 300MJ or more

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what occurs in the early lactation

physiological negative energy balance (NEB)

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what occurs to DMI in the last week of pregnancy

decreases

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what is more pronounced in fat cows during the last week of pregnancy

decrease in DMI

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what are the risks and results of the tranistion period

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what are the volatile fatty acids

acetate

propionate

butyrate

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what are the typical VFA ratios

acetate: propionate:butyrate
70: 20:10 for high forage diets
60: 30:10 for high starch diets

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what % of energy do VFAs provide

60-80%

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describe normal energy metabolism in the ruminant

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what occurs to normal energy balance during ketosis

energy comes from the catabolism of fat deposits which produce free fatty acids (NEFAs) which are converted into acetyl CoA which can enter the krebs cycle and glucose is produced

once too many NEFAs are produced they cannot enter the krebs cycle because it is overwhelmed and they are converted into ketone bodies

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what are the ketone bodies

Acetone

Acetoacetate

B-hydroxybutyrate

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what occurs during fatty liver

Fatty liver occurs when the rate of FA esterification to triglycerides (TGs) exceeds the rate of disappearance by hydrolysis and export as a constituent of VLDL

Considered to occur when liver TG > 30 mg/g wet

Ketosis and fatty liver can be thought of as different manifestations of the same disease

Subclinical can shift to clinical by small changes such as increasing dietary protein content

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what is the epidemiology of ketosis

common

1-50% incidence

high producing, older dairy cows

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what is the etiology of ketosis and the difference between primary and secondary ketosis

Over condition dry cows (‘fat cow syndrome’)

Primary ketosis:

Pathophysiological in high yielding dairy cows
Poor dry cow management
Poor fresh cow management

Secondary ketosis:

Retained fetal membrane, metritis
Hypocalcemia

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what are the clinical signs of ketosis

Inappetance or anorexia — often roughage only

Milk drop and rapid weigh loss

Feces +/- firm and dry

Depression

Reduced rumen contraction frequency and strength

Temperature, cardiovascular, respiratory all normal

+/- acetone on breath

what are the clinical signs of nervous form of ketosis

Very rare

Delirium

Circling

Leaning and crossing legs

Licking and chewing manias

Blindness

what are the clinical findings of ketosis

Many cows systemically okay

Main effect:

Milk production
On reproductive performances
- Submission rate
- Conception rate

how is ketosis diagnosed

Individual or herd

History — signalment

Clinical exam

Lab

Biochemistry

what biochemistry measurements can diagnose ketosis

ketone bodies (blood, urine, milk)

NEFA (blood)

glucose (blood)

what are the big variations on ketone bodies

feeding time

moment of days

milking time

what are the normal levels of ketone bodies (BHB) in the blood

4 mmol/L (fresh cows)
7 mmol/L (dry cows)

what are the normal levels of NEFAs in blood

300 umol/L (dry cows)

600 umol/L (fresh cows)

what are the normal glucose levels

30-40 mg/100ml or 3.0 mmol/L

Not as straight forward as ketone bodies and less practical

how is fatty liver diagnosed

clinical signs liver biopsy liver enzymes post mortem

how is ketosis treated

Hypoglycemia — glucose/dextrose IV (500ml of 50%) Oral glucogenic agents — propylene glycol (glycerol, propionate salts) Stimulate gluconeogenesis: steroids! Choline and vitamin B Vit E and Se No Calcium IV * Damage hepatic tissue

how is glucose/dextrose IV used to treat ketosis

500ml of 50% Large proportion excreted in urine 2-3x a day Reduced insulin response to glucose in ketotic cows Essential in cases showing nervous signs Additional treatment needed to prevent relapse

how is oral glucogenic agents such as propylene glycol used to treat ketosis

Most common treatment on farm usually 250ml drench 2-3x day, then decrease Farmer can do it Pre-made drench for fresh cows Converted in pyruvate, then OAA Elevated blood glucose in 4h If too much, decreases appetite * Counterproductive effect May accumulate causing somnolence (drowsy)

how are steroids used to treat ketosis

In ruminants probably change glucose distribution and utilization rather than stimulating gluconeogenesis Hyperglycaemic agents (increase glucose in 24h) Reduce milk yield Not necessarily what the farmer wants Short course not to decrease milk yield too much Increase lipolysis Increase hepatic triglyceride secretion ex. Dexamethasone 1.33 mg/45 kg (25ml) With other diseases? * Immunosuppression

how can choline and vitamin B be used to treat ketosis

hepatoprotectors free TGs from liver

how are vit E and Se used to treat ketosis

anti-oxidant protection muscle damage due to auto-peroxidase

how is ketosis prevented

Everything possible should be done to maximize dry matter intake and reduce stress * Minimum competition — no overcrowding * 0.8m x cow: 80% feeding space * 12m^2 lying space (80% cubicle space) * May warranty a separate management group (cows vs heifers) * Hygiene * Maximize cow comfort * No pathological conditions (lameness) * Perfect nutrition!

what nutrition should be fed with dry and post partum rations to maximize DMI in the transition period

High palatable forages Consistent delivery of the diet: * Same one * Same time * Well mixed (no sorting) * Fibre chopped to max 2.5-3cm Ensure palatable feed and water available at all times (24h) 10% left over the next day Adequate levels of micro-elements

what are the conventional dry cow nutrition groups

Far off dry group (40d) — low energy diet Close up dry group (20d) * Similar ration to milking cows * For ruminal adaptation * High energy density * Introduce rapidly fermentable CHO and concentrate

what is a new 'golddilocks' dry cow nutrition management

Far off and close up: both low energy diet High content of straw and fibre (100-120MJ) Force the cows to eat as much as they can Full rumen No BCS gain or loss Essential good management

what is the optimal BCS to prevent ketosis

2.75-3.25 dry off: 3-3.25 calving: 3.25 no loss or gain during the dry period right BCS entering the dry period --\> good fertility

how can monensin be used to prevent ketosis

Increase propionate-producing bacteria Better repartition of energy In the close up and PP ration (transition period) Kexxton bolus In EU on vet prescription

how can you monitor for ketosis

**Ketone bodies (post partum)** * Over 1.4mmol/L or purple **NEFA (pre-partum)** * Over 300umol/L **Milk solids** * Protein/fat ratio .075 * Fat over 5.5 * Protein less 3 **Transition cow disease** * Ketosis * Metritis * RFM * DA **BCS changes — dynamic** **Dry matter intake**