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Module 21: Ruminant Production > Mastitis: Herd Approach > Flashcards

Mastitis: Herd Approach Flashcards

1
Q

what would be the scenarios of a farmer or a referring vet to conact over mastitis

A

High bulk tank SCC (BTSCC)

Increase of animals with high individual SCC (ISCC)

Increase of clinical mastitis cases

Bulk tank failed an antibiotic (or bactoscan) test

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2
Q

what is the stepwise approach to herd mastitis (5)

A
  1. farm background
  2. on-farm investigatino
  3. data analysis
  4. written report
  5. on-farm discussion
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3
Q

what should you look at before you go to the farm

A

bulk tank SCC (BTSCC)

bulk tank bactoscan

individual SCC (ICSCC)

clinical records

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4
Q

what cows should you sample

A

Clinical

  • All new cases (ask to sample and keep milk frozen)

Subclinical

  • High SCC animals
  • Quarter selection based on CMT
  • 10-12 samples
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5
Q

what are some key questions to get farm background

A

Actions in place:

  • Preventative protocols
  • Monitoring policy
  • Culling policy
  • Lactating dry cows management
  • Dry cows management
  • Treatment protocols

Economic impact:

  • Penalties or lost of bonus
  • Production losses (subclinical and clinical cases)
  • Treatment
  • Discarded milk
  • Culling
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6
Q

how do obtain a bacteriology sample

A

Wear gloves

Discard several streams of milk

Pre-dipping/spraying

Dry teat

Scrub teat end with 70% alcohol

Hold sterile tube at 45º angle

Refrigerate (< 4ºC) and culture (max 48h) or freeze them immediately

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7
Q

what do you need to observe in the milking routine

A

Collecting yard

Cows entering the parlour

Cow flow

Use of backing gate

Interaction with milkers

Milking order

Milking routine — leap frog?

Use of water

Cow hygiene

Udder prep — cloths/wipes/dry/disinfection

Machine hygiene

Cluster application

Removal of cluster — break vacuum?

Automatic cup removers (ACRs)

Milker hygiene

Clinical mastitis detection

Stripping out at cups on (or cups off)

Decision making tree for clinical case

Teat spray

Timings of milking

Cow comfort at milking

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8
Q

how should clinical mastitis cases ideally be detected

A

Ideally before clusters are attached to the cows

Bulk tank contamination

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9
Q

what needs to be considered when looking at the teat spray/disinfection

A

Product used

Contact time with teat skin

  • Lots of things can go wrong in this area

How much is applied?

Pre or post milking?

Coverage — paper towel test

  • If spray is being used
  • Wrap around teat and if adequate coverage the paper towel should be consistently soaked

How often is it mixed up?

% emollient — glycerol or sorbitol

How is it stored?

  • Sunlight or organic matter

Method of application

  • Inline dropper wand or Cambrian sprayer, dipping — are the nozzles blocked?

Beware of water contamination - coliforms!

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10
Q

when do you score teats

A

When cups come off look at teats (about 30-40 cows to give a good sample size)

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11
Q

at what point (%) of teats showing discolouration or edema do you consider problems in the milking routine

A

If more than 20% of teats show sign of discolouration of edema

  • Excessive vacuum
  • Pulsation problems
  • Worn or perished liners
  • Over-milking
  • Removal of clusters without releasing milking vacuum
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12
Q

how do you score hyperkeratosis at the teat end

A

‘roughness’

no ring

smooth

rough

very rough

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13
Q

how do you score edema at the teat end

A

often at base of teat

normal or swollen

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14
Q

how do you score the orifice openess at the teat end

A

closed or open (matchstick test)

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15
Q

how do you score the teat end colour

A

normal

pigmented

red

blue (hemorrhages – usually petechial or cyanosis)

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16
Q

how many cows should you teat end score

A

50 and work out %

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17
Q

when should you teat end score

A

at end of milking when cups off

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18
Q

what other aspects are considered when teat scoring

A

teat lacerations

warts/fibropapillomas

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19
Q

what is over milking %

A

% cows overmilked for 90sec or more

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20
Q

what is under milking

A

residual milk volumes

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21
Q

what is strip yields

A

measuring jug

>100ml

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22
Q

what is delayed milk let down

A

>20sec

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23
Q

how do you assess cow comfort at milkin

A

count kick/steps

count tail swishes

vocalization

24
Q

how do you assess cow accomodation

A

milking, dry and fresh cows

Dimensions

Socking density

Bedding hygiene

Ventilation

Cows behaviour

25
Q

what are types of milking [parlours

A

Rotary abreast (carousel, turnstile)

Herringbone (fishbone)

Swing-over herringbone (fishbone)

26
Q

what can you check in the milking machine

A

rubber ware

vacuum stability and reserve

pulsation

regulator

27
Q

what are the issues with worn rubber liners

A

Worn liners get cracks = bacteria

Worn liners don’t work properly = damages teats and lose elasticity and can’t ‘rest phase’ effectively

28
Q

how often should rubber based liners and silicone liners be changed and how do you visually assess the clusters

A

Rubber based: 2,500 milkings

Silicone based: 10,000 milkings

Visual assessing - do clusters hang squarely? Does liner fit cluster? Compatibility

29
Q

what do liner slippages cause

A

squeaks and squawks

causes teat end damage and spread of mastitis

30
Q

how do you assess vacuum stability and reserve

A

parlour gauge

air leak test

reports

31
Q

what should the parlour gauge on the vacuum be

A

45-48 kPa — high line plant

40-44 hPa — low line plant

32
Q

what is the air leak test

A

Testing vacuum reserve:

  • leaking air in through clusters and assessing any observed plant
33
Q

what is the ideal pulsation ratio and rate

A

60:40

45-60 cycles per minute

34
Q

how do you assess pulsation

A

teat condition

thumb test

reports

35
Q

how do you assess the regulator

A

automatically functioning air valve –> maintenance of stable vacuum

observe filter cleanliness

open a few clusters

drop of kPa by 4-5 units

36
Q

how often should milking machines be serviced

A

every 6 months

written report

37
Q

what data should you analyze

A

all milk records

all on-farm

Bulk tank

Subclinical mastitis

Clinical mastitis

Herd profile

Calving pattern

Production data

38
Q

what should subclinical mastitis milk reports include

A

Date

Cow number

CMT results

ICSCC

BTSCC

39
Q

what should clinical mastitis milk reports include

A

Date of event

Cow number

Quarter

Date of treatment(s)

Treatment(s) given

Bacteriological results

40
Q

what data can be collected during the farm visit

A

Initial talk with farmer

Milk parlour assessment

Milk routine assessment

Teat scoring

Accommodation

41
Q

how should you analyze the data

A

trends in time (seasonality, new vs chronic)

trenids in groups (age, lactation)

evidence of spread

treatment effectiveness (dry and lactating cow therapy)

42
Q

what is prevalence % of subclinical mastitis calculated

A

= # of cows with SCC >200,000/total # of cows with SCC record

for example per month

43
Q

what is incidence % of subclinical mastitis calculated

A

= # of cows with SCC >200,000 for the first time in the period of time of interest/# of cows with SCC<200,000 in the previous time period

x 100

44
Q

what is the dry cow performance KPI

A

Dry cow performance not including 1st lactation animals

Look at cell count and cows that have a high cell count (>200,000) which then remained high in lactation

High to high

  • Did not cure

Low to high

  • New infection rates

High to low

  • Cure cows

Low to low

  • Ideal group
45
Q

what is the case rate of clinical mastitis

A

case rate = cases/100 cows per year

= # of mastitis cases x 100/total # of cows in the herd

46
Q

what is the target case rate of clinical mastitis

A

< 30 cases/100 cows per year

47
Q

what is the % incidence of clinical mastitis KPI

A

Incidence (%) = # of new clinical cases in the period of time of interest/# of animals at risk in the period of time of interest x 100

48
Q

what is the recurrence rate of clinical mastitis %

A

Recurrence rate = % of quarters requiring repeat treatment per year

Mastitis recurrence rate = # of quarters requiring repeat treatment per year x 100/total # of quarters affected

also can look at # of cases:

  • by DIM
  • by lactation
49
Q

what is the target recurrence rate of clinical mastitis %

A

< 10% of quarters per year

50
Q

how else can you analyze all the data of cows

A

proportion

by lactation

by DIM

by milking group

problem cow list >200,000 cells (150,000 cells for heifers) persistently

historic clinical mastitis, repeat cases

51
Q

how do you interpret bacteriology results

A

No growth

  • Approx 40-50%
  • Treated? E. coli, Staph. aureus? Unusual organism? Poor sampling storage?

Pure/profuse culture:

  • Likely to be causative pathogen

Mixed culture:

  • Needs interpretation

Contaminated

  • >3 different colonies
  • Bacillus spp, Enterococcus spp
52
Q

can you use PCR to ID a pathogen

A

Direct from milk

  • Quicker (24-48h)
  • Reports online and text message service option (Biobest lab)
  • More sensitive (fewer no growths)
  • Samples are fixed — no overgrowths
  • Identifies bacteria (genus)
  • Specificity?
  • Expensive (2-3x culture cost)
  • Potentially useful for coliform and S. aureus

After milk culture

  • To identify the strain from isolates of a pure culture
53
Q

how do you write a report

A

Structured with separated sections

Concise — ACTION PLAN IN A RED BOX

Smart goals and no more than 3-4 actions

  • Initial introduction
  • Farm background
  • Problem history
  • Documentation of facts found during investigation
  • Detailed evaluation/interpretation of facts
  • Detailed recommendations
54
Q

how do you have an onfarm discussion

A

Final report presentation — engage the key stakeholders

  • Don’t only focus on negatives

Who should be involved?

Where should we do the presentation?

How should we present the report?

Discuss investigation findings

Discuss recommendations

Schedule follow up visit(s) to monitoring changes

55
Q

in case of bulk tank antibiotic test failure what questions should you ask

A

Any change in staff?

Off-license product use?

  • Intentional/unintentional
  • Withdrawal period applied

Fresh cows?

  • Dry cows therapy withdrawal period

Sick animals receiving antibiotics?

  • How are they identified?

Recently purchased cows?

56
Q

how do you avoid bulk tank antibiotic test failure

A

Identify cows (specially treated cows)

Record all treatments

Discard ALL milk when under treated

  • Don’t rely on dilutional effect if it is a large herd

Store and label drugs correctly

Advise clients appropriately

  • How do use drugs etc

Use of screening tests

Milk treated cows into dump buckets (consider antibiotic group)

Module 21: Ruminant Production (21 decks)

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