Adult Sheep: Sudden Death & Ill Thrift Flashcards by Kayla Stauffer

what are key performance indicators in a flock concerning ill thrift/sudden death

How many sheep have died/are ill-thriven?

What system are we talking about?

Is the farmer concern/going to do something about it?

Can we do something about it?

How much is going to cost if we do/don’t do anything?

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what are diagnostic tools used

Post-mortem:

Gross pathology

Examine in contact animals

Sampling

Cost

A percentage of animals

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what are preventative measures for il thrift/sudden death

Biosecurity (quarantine)

Isolation

Move from incriminated pastures/shed

Reduce stress

Avoid sudden changes in nutrition/diet
Mix different age groups
Overcrowding
Lack of feeding

Vaccination

Clostridial diseases
Pasteurellosis

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what is the definition of sudden death and how do you determine if they were just found dead

How often are they checked?

Found dead is better

There may have been clinical signs but they were not seen

BCS

Position of carcass

history (feeding, routine treatments, recent stressful events)

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what are the main ddx for sudden death in adult sheep

Clostridial diseases
Parasitic disease

Acute fluke
Haemonchus contortus

Respiratory disease
* Pasteurellosis
Poisonings
* Plants and minerals

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what are the common clostridial diseases in adult sheep

Blackleg

Black disease

Braxy

malignant edema

Abomasitis

Pulpy kidney (more common dx of sudden death in lambs)

Struck

Acute toxic metritis

Bacillary hemoglobinuria

Botulism

Tetanus

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what is the cause of blackleg

C. chauvoei

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what are the clinical signs of blackleg if found alive

Stiffness, unwillingness to move, edema and crepitus of hind legs muscle with myositis

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how can blackleg be treated if found alive

parenteral penicillin in early cases

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what is found on PM with blackleg

Usually greater deep muscle masses (hind and forelimbs)

Edematous and emphysematous

Crepitant, dry, necrotic muscle fibres (dark red/black)

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what is the likely cause to these PM changes

black leg

c chauvoei

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what is the agent that causes black disease

c. novyi type B

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what is black disease associated with

migration of immature liver fluke in the liver

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what are the PM changes seen with black disease

Pale areas (hepatocellular necrosis) of variable size and surrounding darker areas (hyperemia)

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what is the PM changes seen here and the cause

c. novyi type B

black disease

liver fluke migration in liver

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what is the agent that causes braxy

c septicum

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what is braxy associated with

frosted food

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if the sheep are alive what are the clinical signs of braxy

High fever, abdominal pain, generalized toxemia

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what are the PM changes seen with braxy

Severe abomasitis

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what is the agent that causes malignant edema (‘big head’)

C. septicum, C. chauvoei, C. sordellii, C. novyi type A

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what is the most common etiology of malignant edema

can affect all ages but mostly associated with rams from fighting wounds

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what does malignant edema cause

Cellulitis causing massive facial swelling with edema and gas production

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what can you treat malignant edema

parenteral penicillin in early cases

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what is the agent that causes pulpy kidney

c. perfringens type D

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what are the clinical signs of pulpy kidney

sudden death in non immune lambs

what age does pulpy kidney usually affect

4 weeks to 8 month old lambs often the bigger, better ambs

what are the clinical signs of pulpy kidney if found alive

Severe depression Abdominal pain Grinding teeth Neurological signs (seizures, opisthotonus)

what are the PM findings of pulpy kidney

No gross lesions to very unspecific (clear fluid in body cavities, small petechial hemorrhages on lungs and epicardium) to typical ones (gelatinous clot in the pericardial sac, autolytic kidney, cerebellar coning with hemorrhage, glycosuria)

how is pulpy kidney infection confirmed

Toxin in small intestinal contents (terminal ileum) Histology of brain

what are the PM changes seeen

pulpy kidney

when is acute liver fluke commonly seen

late summer/autumn depends on area

how does acute liver fluke cause sudden death

Immature fluke migrating within the liver parenchyma taking up residence within the bile ducts death as consequence of acute, widespread hepatic necorsis

what are the PM changes seen in acute liver fluke

Hemorrhagic tracts of necrotic liver parenchyma (dark red) and often with fibrosis

what PM changes are seen here

acute liver fluke

when does haemonchosis occur

late summer

what are the PM changes seen with haemonchosis

Examine/collect abomasal content and abomasal mucosa

what are the agents that cause pastuerellosis

* Mannheimia hemolytica (and Pasteurella multocida)* * Pneumonic form * Bibersteinia trehalosi:* * Systemic form

how can pastuerellosis be treated

can attempt antibiotic treatment long acting oxytetracylcine and NSAIDs

what are the clinical signs of pasteurellosis if found alive

Dullness Anorexia Pyrexia Hyper and dyspnea Bilateral serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge and ocular discharges, congested mucosa

what are the PM signs seen with pasteurellosis

Ecchymotic hemorrhage of the throat and ribs Sub pleural and sub-pericardial petechiation Clear, yellow pleural and pericardial exudate Lungs are swollen, heavy and cyanotic with frothy hemorrhagic fluid when incised

what are the PM changes seen here

pasteurellosis

what plants can cause sudden death

rhododendron yew

what are the clinical signs of rhododendron poisoning

Excessive salivation Greenish froth around mouth and nose Vomiting Severe abdominal pain

what is the treatment of rhododendron

Purgatives Supportive therapy PM

what does yew poisoning cause

sudden death within 24 hours frmo ingestion potent cardiotoxic alkaloid

what are the most common breeds affected by copper poisoning

north ronaldsay charollais texel suffolk least affected are scottish black faced

what are the causes of Cu poisoning

Overdosage with preparations for treatment of Cu deficiency Feeds with high Cu content: * Crops grown with use of pig or poultry manure as fertilizer * Distillery by-products (ex dark grains) * Cattle and pig feedstuff

what are the clinical signs of Cu poisoning

Depression Anorexia Abdominal pain Mucoid diarrhea Dehydration and death within 24 hours

what are the PM changes seen with Cu poisoning

From acute inflammation of the abomasal mucosa with ulcerations and hemorrhagic areas to jaundiced, yellow/orange liver, dark red/black kidneys, hemoglobinuria Tissues with Cu concentrations might not be elevated Kidney Cu concentration

what are other less common causes of sudden death in adult sheep

Anthrax * Notifiable Accidents * Dosing gun injuries Trauma * Dog Stuck * Cast on back Grain overload/ruminal acidosis Hypocalcemia Hypomagnesemia Intestinal catastrophe Laryngeal chondritis Acute gangrenous mastitis

what are the main ddx of ill thrift in adult sheep

**Inadequate nutrition** * Low BCS across the whole flock * Poor dentition * Lameness **Parasites** * Chronic liver fluke * PGE **Infectious disease** * Ovine Johne’s disease (OJD) * Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) * Sheep scab * Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) * Maedi-Visna (MV)

what is the cause of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV)

what is the incubation period of OVA

3-4 years

what are the signs of OVA

Initial weight loss and exercise intolerance Tachypnea, nasal discharge, harsh lung sounds

how is OVA diagnosed

wheelbarrow test ultrasound PM

what could be the causative agent for the pathology seen here

OVA

What causes sheep scab

psoroptes ovis

how is sheep scab transmitted

direct

what are the clinical signs of sheep scab

Pruritus Severe alopecia Considerable weight loss

how is sheep scab diagnosed

Skin scraping and ELISA

what is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

what does the superficial form of caseous lymphadenitis cause

Abscessation of superficial lymph nodes

what does the visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis cause

ill thrift

how is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed

isolation of organism from abscesses or ELISA

what causes maedi-visna

maedi visna virus (MVV)

what does maedi visna cause

Chronic, progressive lymphoproliferative disease

what is the incubation period of MVV

clinical disease rare in animals \<3 years old

what are the clinical signs of MVV

Weight loss Exercise intolerance Progressive tachypnea/dyspnea

how is MVV diagnosed

ELISA

what are the PM signs of MVV

Firm, rubbery, heavy lungs

what could be the causative agent of these pm changes

MVV

Adult Sheep: Sudden Death & Ill Thrift Flashcards

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