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Module 21: Ruminant Production > Individual Lameness: Lesions & Risk Factors > Flashcards

Individual Lameness: Lesions & Risk Factors Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 most common casuses of foot lameness

A

Solar lesions

White line lesions

Skin lesions

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2
Q

what are the types of solar lesions

A

solar bruising

solar ulcer

thin soles

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3
Q

what are solar bruises

A

May not be the cause of lameness, but is a sign that the hoof structure is not 100%

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4
Q

what are solar ulcers

A

Common site at protrusion of pedal bone

Corium tissue damaged and inflamed and exposed to the environment — painful

Can lead to secondary infection and cause more damage to corium

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5
Q

what are thin soles

A

Genetics, nutrition, age

Management systems

Extensively grazed cows

Excessive wear on rough walking systems

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6
Q

what are the causes of solar lesions

A

Repetitive excess trauma:

  • Low cow comfort
  • Lying times vs standing times
  • Roadways
  • Cubicle design
  • Excess trimming (thin soles only)
  • Etc

Reduced fat pad cushion?

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7
Q

how are solar lesions treated

A

Early, appropriate corrective trimming

Remove weight bearing with a block

  • Severe bruising/solar ulcer

Deep straw box rest

  • Thin soles/multiple claws affected

Pain relief

  • NSAIDs
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8
Q

what are common white line lesions

A

white line abscess

axial wall lesion

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9
Q

what are the causes of white line lesions

A

Less well understood

Weakening of lamellar junction — external or internal?

  • Twisting and turning
    • Cow handling
    • Backing gates
  • Softening by constant moisture?
  • Sharp stones
    • New concrete
    • Poor roadways
  • Laminitis?
    • Not thought to be apart of disease process
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10
Q

what are white line abscesses

A

Present with extreme lameness — almost fracture level lame

Extremely painful

White line is junction that joins the plate of wall horn with sole horn

Slightly weaker horn

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11
Q

what are axial wall lesions

A

Diffuse and longer lasting damage within white line

Blackened areas

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12
Q

how are white line lesions treated

A

Start with corrective trim

Open and allow good drainage

  • Tracks under sole or toward coronary band
  • Can alleviate pain quickly

Remove weight bearing with block if substantial loss of wall/sole

+/- topical antibiotic (systemic not required)

Leave the lesion open to drain and presence of oxygen helps with healing process

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13
Q

what are the types of skin lesions

A

digital dermatitis

inter digital dermatitis

inter digital necrobacillosis (foul in the foot)

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14
Q

what is digital dermatitis

A

Common

Commonly seen in bulbs of heel and around accessory digits

Superficial dermatitis but can penetrate into the dermis

Painful to the touch

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15
Q

what are the causes of skin lesions

A

Bacterial infection:

  • Digital/interdigital dermatitis
    • Mixed treponema infection
  • Interdigital dermatitis/necrobacillosis
    • Fusobacterium necrophorum (plus others)

Conditions that favour bacteria

  • Persistent moist, mild, dirty conditions
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16
Q

how are skin lesions treated

A

Start with corrective trimming!

Digital/interdigital dermatitis

  • Topical antibiotics for individual and herd
  • Don’t recommend antibiotics in foot baths
  • Use preventative substances like copper sulphate etc

Topical antibiotics for the herds

Interdigital necrobacillosis

  • Systemic antibiotics
  • Systemic NSAIDs
  • Individuals only
17
Q

what are other common lesions found in the sole

A

double sole

toe ulcer

foreign body

18
Q

what are other common lesions found in the heel

A

slurry heel

heel ulcer

sole fracture

19
Q

what are other common lesions found in the skin

A

inter digital hyperplasia

mud fever

20
Q

what are other common lesions found in the wall

A

horizontal fissure

verticle fissue

corkscrew claw

21
Q

what are infections of deeper structures of the foot and why do they occur

A

Damage to skin, sole and white line can allow infection of deeper structures

  • Osteomyelitis
  • Septic arthritis
  • Septic bursitis
  • Navicular bursa
  • Septic tendonitis
22
Q

what are treatment options for infection of deeper structures of the foot

A

Claw amputation commonest treatment in UK when one claw affected below the fetlock

Other surgical treatments possible

  • Joint lavage
  • Arthrodesis
  • Tenectomy
23
Q

what trauma can occur during the foot trimming process that you should be aware of

A

There is a potential for radial nerve damage during hoof trimming:

  • Lose ability to forelimb forwards
  • Combination of belly strap and front yolk
    • But never should be suspended form the belly band and should be wide enough to provide support
  • If cows goes down with the belly band it can damage the brachial plexus and radial nerve
  • Can be permanent but a lot of times it is transient

Module 21: Ruminant Production (21 decks)

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