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Module 21: Ruminant Production > Individual Mastitis > Flashcards

Individual Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the impacts of mastitis

A

Welfare

Production

Nuisance to the farmer — two groups

Time to find and treat clinical cases

Economic problem

Risk of antibiotic grades

Increased somatic cell counts — thresholds for contracts

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2
Q

what is mastitis

A

Inflammation of the udder:

  • Chemical, mechanical or thermal injury
  • Infection by microorganisms
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3
Q

what is clinical mastitis

A

Presence of visibly abnormal milk

Watery/thickened/discoloured with blood, pus, flakes or clots

Udder:

  • Swollen, firm, redness, hot, pain, reduced size laterally

Cow normal to systemic ill

  • Fever, dehydration, weakness, inappetance
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4
Q

what is subclinical mastitis

A

No visible changes in the milk

Mammary gland feels normal

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5
Q

how do you know subclinical mastitis is there

A

Rapid mastitis test (aka California Mastitis Test)

Herd test/milk test results

Conductivity meter

Saltiness?

  • Some farmers do this
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6
Q

what is the defintion of somatic cell count

A

normal milk has white blood cells in it

~66-88% macrophages

~10-27% lymphocytes

~1-11% neutrophils

~0.7% epithelial cells

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7
Q

what is ‘uninfected’ individual SCC

A

< 100,000 cells/ml

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8
Q

what is ‘infected’ individual SCC

A

>200,000 cells/ml

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9
Q

what is infected with significant pathogens individual SCC

A

>300,000 cells/ml

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10
Q

what is a california milk test score and the approx SCC

A
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11
Q

what is the scoring of clinical mastitis

A
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12
Q

what is are the definitions of 1 clinical case, new case, recurrent case, chronic case of clinical mastitis

A

one clinical case = corresponds to 1 infected quarter (if 2 quarters in the same cow = 2 cases)

new case = > 8 days passed from previous clinical case

recurrent case = < 7 days passed from previous clinical case

chronic case = long term recurring persistent cases of the disease

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13
Q

what is a new case of subclinical mastitis

A

new case is an increase from <200,000 SCC to >200,000

indicates one or more quarters infected

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14
Q

wwhat is a chronic case of subclinical mastitis

A

3 or more consecutive milk records with SCC >200,000 cells/ml

‘problem’ cows

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15
Q

what are the sources of transmission of mastitis

A
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16
Q

what are the cow’s defence against mastitis

A
17
Q

what are the innate immunity strucutural defences of the teat

A
  1. teat skin
  2. teat sphincter
  3. keratin
18
Q

how does teat skin act as innate immunity

A

Healthy teat skin is coated with a protective mantle of fatty acids

Slow the growth of bacterial pathogens

  • Abrasions, cracks, chapped, warts, viral infections
19
Q

how do pathogens enter the mammary gland

A

via the teat canal

20
Q

what is the role of the teat sphincter

A

smooth muscle

~30 mins (2h) post milking to close off

21
Q

what is the function of keratin in the teat canal

A

Fibrous protein with lipid components

Produced by cells lining the teat canal

Bacteriostatic activity

Barrier against invading bacteria

~12-40% removed at each milking

22
Q

what does damage in the teat end lead to

A

Hyperkeratosis

Trauma

Caused by milking machine (edema)

All lead to:

  • Impaired defences
  • Difficult to clean
  • Uncomfortable
23
Q

what is the non-specific defence of innate immunity

A
24
Q

what are the specific immunity responses

A
25
Q

what are the factors that affect immune response of the cow

A

Physiological changes:

  • Dry off and calving

Nutrition:

  • Vit E and selenium
  • Zinc
  • Vit A
  • Copper

Periparturient disease:

  • Energy metabolism (ketosis)
  • Calcium metabolism (hypocalcemia)
  • Dystocia (increase stress, probability of recumbence)

Individual cow variation

Concurrent disease

26
Q

how do pathogens establish infection

A

cows immune system sends WBC (which increase SCC) to ‘fight’ microorganism

leads to recovery, subclinical or clinical

27
Q

do subclinical cases need antibiotic therapy

A

not routinely

uncless you have cultured bacteria (approx 40-50%)

28
Q

what factors affect antibiotic choice

A

Historic milk samples

  • What is likely your enemy

Resistance profile of farm

  • Culture and sensitivity

Module 21: Ruminant Production (21 decks)

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